Orbitally forced sedimentary rhythms in the stratigraphic record: is there room for tidal forcing?

The imprint of orbital cycles, which result from the varying eccentricity of the Earth’s orbit and changes in the orientation of its axis, have been recognised throughout the Phanerozoic rock record. Variations in insolation and their effect on climate are generally considered to be the sole transfer mechanism between the orbital variables and cyclic sedimentary successions. Common oceanographic principles, however, show that the ocean tide also responds to variations in the orbital parameters. The ocean tide has not yet been considered to be a valid, additional transfer mechanism for the orbital variations. In geological studies of Milankovitch cycles in sedimentary successions the insolation paradigm offers satisfying explanations, and the role of long‐term variations of the ocean tide has not yet been appreciated. Variations in the ocean tide, related to changing eccentricity (at present 0·0165, theoretical maximum 0·0728), affect a variety of oceanographic and sedimentary processes. In addition to the widely accepted paradigm of orbitally forced insolation changes, the tidal transfer of orbital signals may explain certain less well‐understood aspects of orbitally induced cycles in the stratigraphic record related to ocean mixing, organic productivity, and tidal processes in shallow seas and deep water. Variations of the ocean tide in relation to the 18·6 year lunar nodal cycle, which has no insolation counterpart by which they may be obscured, indeed show that these relatively small variations can produce significant effects in sedimentary environments that are sensitive to variations in the strength of the ocean tide. In analogy with the 18·6 year lunar nodal cycle, orbital variations of the tide on Milankovitch time scales are likely to have affected sedimentary systems in the past.     

高原东部春季降水云层的微物理特征分析

利用人工增雨飞机和机载PMS粒子探测系统，对高原东部地区春季人工增雨主要降水云层的微物理结构进行大量探测研究。根据1995年和1997年共15架次的飞行探测资料，分析研究了高原东部低层大气气溶胶微粒的分布特征及其与大气层结的关系，着重分析了高原东部春季降水云层的云粒子、降水粒子以及冰晶、过冷水的一些初步分布特征。     

青海省东北部地区春季空中水资源潜力分析

采用动力气象学原理计算了青海高原东北部春季水汽输送、辐合辐散情况 ,利用微波辐射计观测总水汽含量 (V)、液态水 (L)的情况。经计算 ,青海高原东北部大气水汽状况为输入大于输出 ,且有近 83%的水汽影响该地区后移出青海 ,有较大的潜在水资源 ;从液态水含量情况来看 ,尽管水汽含量比平原地区少 ,但液态水含量却比平原地区偏高。另外还计算了 1997年 3月下旬至 5月上旬的云总凝结水和降水效率 ,大气总凝结水量为 2 84× 10 8t,但实际降水量为 34× 10 \+8t,平均降水效率为 0 .12。如果能提高 1%的降水效率 ,则可增加约 2 .5× 10 8t降水 ,且具有较好的人工增雨潜力。     

A new petrogenetic grid for low-grade metabasites

Abstract We have used internally-consistent thermodynamic data to present calculated phase equilibria for the system Na₂O-CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O (NCMASH), in the range 0–500° C and 0.1–10 kbar, involving the phases anorthite, glaucophane, grossular, heulandite, jadeite, laumontite, lawsonite, paragonite, prehnite, pumpellyite, stilbite, tremolite, wairakite, zoisite with excess albite, clinochlore, quartz and pure water. Average activity terms derived from published mineral chemical data were included for clinochlore, glaucophane, prehnite, pumpellyite, tremolite, and zoisite. The new petrogenetic grid delineates stability fields and parageneses of common index minerals in zeolite, prehniteactinolite, prehnite-pumpellyite, pumpellyite-actinolite, blueschist and greenschist facies metabasites. The stability fields of mineral assemblages containing prehnite, pumpellyite, epidote, actinolite (+ albite + chlorite + quartz) were analysed in some detail, using activity data calculated from five specific samples. For example, the prehnite-actinolite facies covers a P-T field ranging from about 220 to 320° C at pressures below 4.5 kbar. The transition from the prehnite-actinolite and pumpellyite-actinolite to greenschist facies occurs at about 250–300° C at 1–3 kbar and at about 250–350° C at 3–8 kbar. P-T fields of individual facies overlap considerably due to variations in chemical composition.     

The Occurrence of Garnet in the Granulite-Facies Terrane of the Adirondack Highlands

Based on the presence or absence of almandine in charnockiticand metabasic rocks, Buddington (1963) recognized two garnetisograds in the northwestern Adirondacks which were inferredto represent a general increase in grade of regional metamorphismfrom northwest to southeast and east. ACF plots of analyzed Adirondack rocks demonstrate that thepresence or absence of garnet is primarily controlled by thebulk chemistry of the rocks. In metabasites, garnet forms partof the type assemblage of the almandine-amphibolite facies inwhich it developed. The assemblage becomes unstable in the granulitefacies where quartz is present. Garnet does not occur in themore calcic metabasites. In charnockites, garnet develops concomitantlywith orthopyroxene in the aluminous varieties of this rock typeand not in the calcic varieties. The two may occur intimatelyinterlayered. The present definition of the granulite facies, however, doesnot cover clinopyroxene-almandine-bearing assemblages reportedin rocks of diverse composition from the proximity of anorthositemassifs. Reaction rims prove that within the granulite faciesa reaction occurs in rocks with excess silica by which the typomorphicorthopyroxene-plagioclase association is replaced by the higherdensity clinopyroxene-almandine-quartz association. To accommodate this assemblage a fourfold subdvision of thegranulite facies is proposed. Four subfacies are obtained bytwo intersecting boundaries: (1) PH₂O-T controlled dehydrationreactions separating pyroxene-granulite from hornblende-granulitesubfacies, and (2) the anhydrous, P_load-T controlled reactionwhich separates subfacies with orthopyroxene-plagioclase assemblagesfrom those with clinopyroxene-almandine assemblages.     

1961~2015年青藏高原极端气温事件的气候变化特征

利用1961~2015年CN05.1高分辨率的逐日最高、最低气温格点资料,计算6个极端气温指数（极端最高气温、极端最低气温、结冰日数、霜冻日数、暖日日数、冷夜日数）,通过趋势分析和Mann-Kendall突变检验,考察青藏高原极端气温事件的时空变化规律。结果表明：青藏高原极端最高气温、极端最低气温的总体分布呈现西冷东暖的特征,与地形西高东低一致;该地区极端最高气温、极端最低气温及暖日日数均呈上升趋势,倾向率分别为0.25℃/10a、0.42℃/10a、2.14d/10a,极端最低气温的线性增温趋势较极端最高气温更为明显;而结冰日数、霜冻日数及冷夜日数均呈下降趋势,倾向率分别为−3.09d/10a、−4.75d/10a、−2.31d/10a;从空间分布看,青海地区极端最高气温的增温趋势最为显著,柴达木盆地是明显的升温中心;在时间变化上,极端最高气温、结冰日数、暖日日数均在1997年发生了突变。     

高原夏季风指数的定义及其特征分析

基于1958~2002年ECMWF再分析资料,我国160个台站降水和气温资料,从夏季高原季风环流系统特点出发,定义了能较好表征高原夏季风环流变化的特征指数,分析了高原夏季风年际、年代际变化特征,并揭示了高原夏季风强弱异常时的环流特征及其与中国夏季降水和气温的关系,主要结论为:(1)用6~8月600hPa (27.5~30°N,80~100°E)范围内平均的西风分量距平与(35~37.5°N,80~100°E)范围内平均的东风分量距平差定义了高原夏季风指数(PM I)。该指数计算简单,意义清楚,代表性好。(2)1958~2002年高原夏季风整体呈增强趋势,在20世纪60年代中期之前是高原夏季风的强盛期,之后是高原夏季风弱期,在80年代以后又转为季风强期。(3)高原夏季风与中国夏季降水和气温相关很好。将该指数与之前汤懋苍定义的指数进行性能综合比较后,发现该指数对川渝地区的夏季降水及气温有更好的指示意义。     

三维叠前深度偏移速度分析及蒙特卡洛自动层速度拾取

是否能够正确地建立深度域三维速度模型是三维叠前深度偏移成败的关键.本文根据Deregowski循环,利用叠前深度域地震成像对速度模型变化的敏感性,采用偏移迭代逐次逼近最佳成像速度,研究开发了一套快捷有效的三维叠前深度偏移深度域速度模型建立技术.借鉴时间域CDP(共深度点)道集上常规叠加速度分析的策略,在深度域CRP(共反射点)道集上,提出剩余慢度平方谱的概念并建立相应的实现技术.导出深度域中均方根速度与层速度之间的关系;按照串级偏移原理确定偏移循环过程中初始速度、剩余速度及修改后速度之间的关系;采用蒙特卡洛非线性优化算法实现从剩余慢度平方谱中自动拾取层速度,讨论了其地质速度约束条件和蒙特卡洛非线性优化的收敛准则,使得所拾取的层速度模型具有合理的地质意义并获得最佳偏移成像效果.SEG-EAGE理论模型数值试算验证了方法的有效性,在海拉尔盆地霍多莫尔工区,58km2三维资料的速度模型建立并获得满意的三维叠前深度偏移成像.     

1998年4—5月地球同步轨道MeV电子通量增强事件

采用GOES9卫星观测的能量大于2MeV和大于4MeV电子通量和行星际飞船ACE太阳风参数的高时间分辨率资料,以及磁暴指数Dst资料,分析了1998年4—5月期间地球同步轨道电子通量增强事件的时间和能量响应特征及其与行星际太阳风参数、磁暴和亚暴等扰动条件的对应关系.结果表明,地球同步轨道相对论性（MeV）电子通量增强事件有明显的周日变化,中午极大和午夜极小.4月22日和5月5日开始的两次大事件中,能量大于2MeV电子通量中午极大值上升到最大值的时间尺度分别约为4天和1天,中午极大值高于背景水平的持续时间分别为13天（4月22日—5月4日）和16天（5月4日—20日）以上.每次MeV电子通量增强事件的能量范围不完全相同.两次大事件的上升段都对应于磁暴的恢复相,与太阳风动压脉冲、高速流脉冲和负Bz分量关系密切.