水阳江洪峰与强降水

用1964－1999年水阳江水位和雨量资料，分析水阳江水位、面雨量变化规律和洪峰出现特征。结果表明，6月平均面雨量为241.5mm，7、8月平均面雨量分别为186.5mm、155.7mm。宣城出现13次超警戒水位过程；新河庄出现25次超警戒水位过程，且连续超警戒水位日数长。洪峰出现前一周为连阴雨天气，一周平均面雨量为164.5mm。季内日面雨量存在60天周期变化现象，新河庄日平均水位存在60－120天周期变化；1999年宣城日平均水位的小波分析结果为60天周期变化，与新河庄日平均水位功率谱分析结果一致。     

Atmospheric chemistry of hydrogen fluoride

Although a large volume of monitoring and computer simulation data exist for global coverage of HF, study of HF in the troposphere is still limited to industry whose primary interest is the safety and risk assessment of HF release because it is a toxic gas. There is very limited information on atmospheric chemistry, emission sources, and the behavior of HF in the environment. We provide a comprehensive review on the atmospheric chemistry of HF, modeling the reactions and transport of HF in the atmosphere, the removal processes in the vertical layer immediately adjacent to the surface (up to approximately 500 m) and recommend research needed to improve our understanding of atmospheric chemistry of HF in the troposphere. The atmospheric chemistry, emissions, and surface boundary layer transport of hydrogen fluoride (HF) are summarized. Although HF is known to be chemically reactive and highly soluble, both factors affect transport and removal in the atmosphere, the chemistry can be ignored when the HF concentration is at a sufficiently low level (e.g., 10 ppmv). At a low concentration, the capability for HF to react in the atmosphere is diminished and therefore the species can be mathematically treated as inert during the transport. At a sufficiently high concentration of HF (e.g., kg/s release rate and thousands of ppm), however, HF can go through a series of rigorous chemical reactions including polymerization, depolymerization, and reaction with water to form molecular complex. As such, the HF species cannot be considered as inert because the reactions could intimately influence the plume’s thermodynamic properties affecting the changes in plume temperature and density. The atmospheric residence time of HF was found to be less than four (4) days, and deposition (i.e., atmosphere to surface transport) is the dominant mechanism that controls the removal of HF and its oligomers from the atmosphere. The literature data on HF dry deposition velocity was relatively high compared to many commonly found atmospheric species such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, etc. The global average of wet deposition velocity of HF was found to be zero based on one literature source. Uptake of HF by rain drops is limited by the acidity of the rain drops, and atmospheric particulate matter contributes negligibly to HF uptake. Finally, given that the reactivity of HF at a high release rate and elevated mole concentration cannot be ignored, it is important to incorporate the reaction chemistry in the near-field dispersion close to the proximity of the release source, and to incorporate the deposition mechanism in the far-field dispersion away from the release source. In other words, a hybrid computational scheme may be needed to address transport and atmospheric chemistry of HF in a range of applications. The model uncertainty will be limited by the precision of boundary layer parameterization and ability to accurately model the atmospheric turbulence.     

开平市近50年雷暴的气候统计特征

利用开平站1959-2008年雷暴资料,通过数理统计、小波分析方法,得出开平市雷暴天气的气候变化特征：开平市属于雷暴多发区,50年平均雷暴日72.9d;雷暴日年际变化大,总体呈下降趋势,气候倾向率为-0.8048d／年;各月均有可能发生雷暴,主要集中在4-9月;日间任何时次均有可能发生雷暴,13：00-17：00为高峰期;初、终雷平均日期为3月4日和10月13日,80％保证率下初雷出现在2月11日-3月27日,终雷出现在9月24日-10月29日;年际变化存在9-13年左右的长周期振荡。     

中国南极长城站1998年大气降水化学特征的初步研究

文中报告了 1998年 1～ 12月 ,在中国南极长城站 (6 2°13′S ,5 8°5 8′W ,海拔 10 .0m)采集的 115个有效降水样品的 pH值、电导率和化学组分分析结果。长城站地区降水的年平均 pH值为 5 .6 2 ,电导率年平均值为 85 .16 μS/cm。秋季期间降水的 pH值和电导率较高 ,其它季节较低。降水中最主要的离子为Cl-,Na+ ,其他离子按平均浓度值依次排列为SO42 -,Mg2 + ,Ca2 + ,K+ ,NO3 -,NH4+ 。除NO3 -,NH4+ 外 ,各主要离子浓度间呈显著正相关 ,表明其来源具有同一性。降水样品的离子组成比例与周围海区的海水接近 ,显示了海盐是降水中可溶性离子的主要来源 ,而其它源只对Ca2 + 有一定贡献。该地区的降水具有较典型的海洋性降水的化学特征     

Relationships between Interannual and Intraseasonal Variations of the Asian-Western Pacific Summer Monsoon Hindcasted by BCC_CSM1.1（m）

Using hindcasts of the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model, the relationships between interannual variability （IAV） and intraseasonal variability （ISV） of the Asian-western Pacific summer monsoon are diagnosed. Predictions show reasonable skill with respect to some basic characteristics of the ISV and IAV of the western North Pacific summer monsoon （WNPSM） and the Indian summer monsoon （ISM）. However, the links between the seasonally averaged ISV （SAISV） and seasonal mean of ISM are overestimated by the model. This deficiency may be partially attributable to the overestimated frequency of long breaks and underestimated frequency of long active spells of ISV in normal ISM years, although the model is capable of capturing the impact of ISV on the seasonal mean by its shift in the probability of phases. Furthermore, the interannual relationships of seasonal mean, SAISV, and seasonally averaged long-wave variability （SALWV; i.e., the part with periods longer than the intraseasonal scale） of the WNPSM and ISM with SST and low-level circulation are examined. The observed seasonal mean, SAISV, and SALWV show similar correlation patterns with SST and atmospheric circulation, but with different details. However, the model presents these correlation distributions with unrealistically small differences among different scales, and it somewhat overestimates the teleconnection between monsoon and tropical central-eastern Pacific SST for the ISM, but underestimates it for the WNPSM, the latter of which is partially related to the too-rapid decrease in the impact of E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation with forecast time in the model.     

阿尔金断裂昌马大坝-宽滩山段全新世活动特征

阿尔金断裂是我国西部著名的巨型走滑断裂带之一,也是全新世活动断裂和发震断裂。该断裂昌马大坝—宽滩山段运动方式为以左行走滑占主导,伴有弱的垂直运动;在距今2.7ka以来发生过明显的新构造活动（和地震）。在沙坪—宽滩山段全新世左行走滑位移速率为0.9～2.2mm/a,明显低于阿尔金断裂东段昌马大坝以西地区4～5mm/a和中西段9～11mm/a的位移速率。阿尔金断裂东段在肃北和昌马大坝出现二次位移速率的锐减,锐减的部分分别转化为海原活动断裂西段（党河南山断裂）和祁连山北缘活动断裂西段的左行走滑和逆冲,且在位移速率数值上相互之间具有非常好的对应性。阿尔金断裂在肃北位移速率减少部分（4.6mm/a）与海原活动断裂西段（党河南山断裂）的位移速率（4～5mm/a）非常接近,同样阿尔金断裂在昌马大坝位移速率减少部分（3.2mm/a）与祁连山北缘活动断裂的位移速率（3.0mm/a）也非常接近。     

三峡小江回水区透明度季节变化及其影响因子分析

三峡成库后其季节调蓄过程使该水域湖沼学特征具有独特性.根据三峡小江流域回水区段为期2年的定位跟踪观测,对透明度(SD)和主要环境指标的相互关系进行分析研究.研究期间,小江回水区透明度均值为170±7cm,各采样点透明度差异不明显且季节变化过程一致,自春末夏初开始降至最低水平,夏季汛期相对稳定,夏末入秋持续升高,冬季维持在较高状态,入春后下降.对透明度和主要环境指标的相关性分析发现,无机悬浮颗粒(PIM)是影响透明度的主要指标.透明度同PIM、Chl.a多元回归模型为:SD=(-89.389±8.101)·lg(PIM)+(-84.008±8.624)·lg(Chl.a)+(264.132±8.232).汛期低水位状态下(145-150m)小江回水区水动力条件趋于天然河道,河道输沙量增加使无机悬浮颗粒含量远高于藻类生物量而成为影响透明度的主要环境指标.在中水位(150-156m)和高水位(156m以上),虽然藻类进入非生长季节,但水位抬升和水体滞留时间的延长促使悬浮颗粒物大量沉淀,悬浮生长于表层水体的藻类成为影响透明度的主要环境指标,生物作用对透明度的影响明显.     

三峡库区气温变化高精度区域气候模式模拟与预估

基于三峡库区1961—2005年气温逐日格点数据,评估由BCC_CSM1.1模式驱动的RegCM4区域气候模式、MPI-ESM-LR模式驱动的CCLM区域气候模式对三峡库区平均气温、极端高温的模拟能力,选用与观测值更为接近的区域气候模式模拟结果,预估三峡库区在RCP4.5温室气体排放情景下2016—2035年气温变化。结果表明:RegCM4和CCLM模式均能模拟出三峡库区多年平均气温、高温日数和高温强度的季节变化和空间分布形态,但均在库区东北部模拟的年平均气温偏低、高温日数偏少、高温强度偏小。同时,模式均能较好地反映出三峡库区年平均气温、年高温日数的年际变化,但对高温强度的年际变化模拟较差。总体而言,CCLM模式对三峡库区气温的模拟效果好于RegCM4。RCP4.5情景下,三峡库区2016—2035年平均气温、高温日数比当代(1986—2005年)分别增加0.6℃和5d,高温强度变化不明显。     

大气污染物SOx输送方程的尺度分析

文中用量纲分析方法分析了控制大气污染物输送方程的动力学特性。提出了 6种反映大气污染物输送过程中各种动力、物理和化学过程相对重要性的动力学参数。并以硫氧化物为例进行了各参数量级大小分析 ,尤其对 3种起汇作用 (去除机理 )的机理 (化学转化、干沉降和湿清除 )在不同尺度大气污染过程中的作用进行了详细分析。结果表明 :在一般情况下 ,SO2 的气相化学作用小于干沉降和湿清除的作用 ;干沉降作用很依赖于模式最底层厚度的选取 ;在有降雨时湿清除作用一般较大。文中还对大气污染物SOx 输送方程各项特征量的量级作了分析对比 ,得出了控制不同尺度大气污染物输送过程的零级近似方程和一级近似方程 ,并指出了这些方程的基本特征     

Meso‐Cenozoic Tectonothermal History of Permian Strata,Southwestern Weibei Uplift: Insights from Thermochronology and Geothermometry

This study provides an integrated interpretation for the Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonothermal evolutionary history of the Permian strata in the Qishan area of the southwestern Weibei Uplift, Ordos Basin. Apatite fission-track and apatite/zircon(U-Th)/He thermochronometry, bitumen reflectance, thermal conductivity of rocks, paleotemperature recovery, and basin modeling were used to restore the Meso-Cenozoic tectonothermal history of the Permian Strata. The Triassic AFT data have a pooled age of ～180±7 Ma with one age peak and P(χ2)=86%. The average value of corrected apatite(U-Th)/He age of two Permian sandstones is ～168±4 Ma and a zircon(U-Th)/He age from the Cambrian strata is ～231±14 Ma. Bitumen reflectance and maximum paleotemperature of two Ordovician mudstones are 1.81%, 1.57% and ～210°C, ～196°C respectively. After undergoing a rapid subsidence and increasing temperature in Triassic influenced by intrusive rocks in some areas, the Permian strata experienced four cooling-uplift stages after the time when the maximum paleotemperature reached in late Jurassic:(1) A cooling stage(～163 Ma to ～140 Ma) with temperatures ranging from ～132°C to ～53°C and a cooling rate of ～3°C/Ma, an erosion thickness of ～1900 m and an uplift rate of ～82 m/Ma;(2) A cooling stage(～140 Ma to ～52 Ma) with temperatures ranging from ～53°C to ～47°C and a cooling rate less than ～0.1°C/Ma, an erosion thickness of ～300 m and an uplift rate of ～3 m/Ma;(3)(～52 Ma to ～8 Ma) with ～47°C to ～43°C and ～0.1°C/Ma, an erosion thickness of ～500 m and an uplift rate of ～11 m/Ma;(3)(～8 Ma to present) with ～43°C to ～20°C and ～3°C/Ma, an erosion thickness of ～650 m and an uplift rate of ～81 m/Ma. The tectonothermal evolutionary history of the Qishan area in Triassic was influenced by the interaction of the Qinling Orogeny and the Weibei Uplift, and the south Qishan area had the earliest uplift-cooling time compared to other parts within the Weibei Uplift. The early Eocene at ～52 Ma and the late Miocene at ～8 Ma, as two significant turning points after which both the rate of uplift and the rate of temperature changed rapidly, were two key time for the uplift-cooling history of the Permian strata in the Qishan area of the southwestern Weibei Uplift, Ordos Basin.