Where women fear to tread: Images of danger and the effects of fear of crime in Singapore

This paper examines women's perceptions of fear and their consequent impact on women's experience and use of public space in Singapore. It argues that even in a city ranked as one of the safest in the world, women experience greater levels of fear of crime and that this fear is qualitatively different from men's as it is largely centred on a fear of rape. It identifies the various sources of fear information which play a part in the construction of images of danger, including personal victimisation experiences, socialisation, the mass media and interpersonal communication. It argues that fear is place- and time-specific and that women's feelings of personal vulnerability is manifested within an environmental context. In examining the consequences of fear on women's lives, the study concludes that risk management behaviour was more prevalent than avoidance tactics. It argues that while many restrictions appear self-imposed by women themselves, the fear of crime in public places ultimately contributes to the perpetuation of what has been termed a spatial expression of patriarchy.     

基于GIS证据权重法的白银厂矿区及小外围的成矿预测

文章利用Morpas软件对甘肃省白银厂矿区内的地、物、化等多源信息进行统计分析,提取了成矿有利信息,认为成矿有利地层为石英角斑凝灰岩系,成矿有利构造为火山机构及背斜构造,成矿有利岩体为石英钠长斑岩岩体。采用证据权重法对研究区圈定了成矿预测和找矿远景区,并指出了找矿方向。     

New models to predict rock failure by linking the volume dilatant point with the peak stress point

The rock mass failure process can be divided into several distinct deformation stages: the compaction stage, elastic stage, stable failure stage, accelerated failure stage, and post-peak stage. Although each stage has been well studied, the relationship among the stages has not been established. Here, we establish two models which are the Strain model Q and Energy density model S by using the renormalization group theory and investigate the mechanical relationship between the volume dilatant point and peak stress point on the rock stress-strain curve. Our models show that the strain ratio (ε _f /ε _c ) and energy ratio (E _f /E _c ) at the volume dilatant point and peak stress point are solely functions of the shape parameter m. To verify our models, we further studied the failure process of rock specimens through several uniaxial compression experiments and found that the relationship between ε _f /ε _c or E _f /E _c and m shares a notably similar pattern to that from our theoretical model. However, the ε _f /ε _c and E _f /E _c values in our experiments are slightly smaller than those predicted by the models. In brief, we demonstrate that our models can be used to predict the failure process of the laboratory-scale hard brittle rock samples.     

Modern sediment characteristics and accumulation rates from the delta front to prodelta of the Yellow River (Huanghe)

Since 1976, the main channel of the Yellow River (Huanghe) has been on the east side of the delta complex, and the river has prograded a broad new delta lobe in Laizhou Bay of the Bohai Sea. In 2012, extensive bathymetric and high-resolution seismic profiles were conducted and sediment cores were collected off the new delta lobe. This study examined delta sedimentation and morphology along a profile across the modern subaqueous Yellow River delta and into Laizhou Bay, by analyzing sediment radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be), sedimentary structure, grain-size composition, organic carbon content, and morphological changes between 1976 and 2012. The change in the bathymetric profile, longitudinal to the river’s course, reveals subaqueous delta progradation during this period. The subbottom boundary between the new delta lobe sediment and the older seafloor sediment (before the 1976 course shift) was identified in terms of lithology and radionuclide distributions, and recognized as a downlap surface in the seismic record. The accumulation rate of the new delta lobe sediment is estimated to be 5–18.6 cm year^–1 on the delta front slope, 2 cm year^–1 at the toe of the slope, and 1–2 cm year^–1 in the shelf areas of Laizhou Bay. Sediment facies also change offshore, from alternations of gray and brown sediment in the proximal area to gray bioturbated fine sediment in the distal area. Based on ⁷Be distribution, the shorter-term deposition rate was at least 20 cm year^–1 in the delta front.     

潘庄区块煤层气U型水平井下套管技术探讨

下入生产套管的煤层气U型井具有产气量高、成本低的优点,逐渐成为潘庄区块煤层气开发的主要井型。潘庄区块煤层埋深一般在500 m以浅,同时要求U型井的水平段在1000 m左右,生产套管的下入成为该区块垂深浅、水平段长的煤层气U型井的技术难题,经过多口井试验,优化钻井轨迹的平滑度,采用原钻具、短螺旋扶正器和生产套管内置钻铤3次划眼,以及严格控制下套管程序,可提高套管一次性下入的成功率,并提高生产效率。     

Lead,Sulfur, and Oxygen Isotope Systematics in Hydrothermal Precipitates from the 14°S Hydrothermal Field,South Mid‐Atlantic Ridge

At the inside corner between the South Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (SMAR) and the Cardno fracture zone, the 14°S hydrothermal field, with its abundant silica‐rich sulfides, was identified as a volcanic massif, which provided the first opportunity to study inside corner‐related hydrothermal mineralization. S, Pb, and O isotopes were measured in hydrothermal sulfide samples from the two sites (volcanic top and slope sites) in the 14°S field. The homogeneous Pb isotope values (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.466 ? 15.472; ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.242 ? 18.252) and the δ³⁴S values (top site, +6.3 to +6.85‰; slope site, +2.37 to +3.36‰) suggest that the source of metals and most of the sulfur is the upper crust, whereas some sulfur is sourced from downward‐penetrating seawater, especially in the top site. The calculated oxygen isotope equilibration temperatures from quartz and seawater are between 94 and 144°C for the top site and between 179 and 196°C for the slope site. These isotopic proxies, together with geological background survey data, have an important implication: Discrepancies between the sites may result from variations in crust permeability, which also affect the mixing level between downward‐penetrating seawater and upward hydrothermal end‐member fluids and determine the various mineralization types.     

基于BDI决策的MAS-CA模型黄海海滨城镇格局模拟研究——以大连金石滩为例

基于BDI决策MAS-CA模型,利用1998年、2003年、2008年和2013年土地利用数据,对大连金石滩2020年和2030年城镇区域面积进行模拟,Kappa系数达到0.635。研究结果表明：① BDI决策补充了MAS-CA模型决策的不足,使得模型整体框架进一步完善,模拟结果具体准确,精度达到89.1%。② 金石滩城镇用地呈现出依附海岸线和交通线的格局,向海岸线靠拢,城镇用地在中部区域比较集中且城镇用地有向周围区域扩张的趋势,葡萄沟村、河咀子村、庙上村、什字街村转变最大。③ 从金石滩城镇格局的模拟结果发现,海岸线因素引导着城镇格局的转变方向。滨海地区的生态环境容易被破坏,政府应该采取措施寻找土地利用与生态环境保护的完美平衡点。     

离散点气象要素平流外推模型

大气平流方程一般用于格点场数值预报的处理,鲜有应用到离散点要素外推。离散点平流外推模型不仅使时间方向站点资料补缺更具物理意义,而且为站点要素的预报奠定基础。模型首先根据站点离散特征,对平流方程进行改造,得到离散点风速、梯度本征向量,并通过频数统计拟合出平流项似然概率的高斯表达式,以此计算出新平流方程数值解。通过对单点和多点的实况试验,得出了模型的具体应用特点,并给出了一个实际的数据补缺场景,作用显著。该模型具有小巧、高效,易用等特点,有良好的普适性,作为一个通用的数学模型,为离散点的要素预报提供了一种新的思路。