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351.
YANG Can Sayed Hesammoddin KAZEMEINI FAN Wenfang Christopher JUHLIN LIU Dameng 《《地质学报》英文版》2011,85(5):1118-1126
An important component of any CO2 sequestration project is seismic monitoring for tracking changes in subsurface physical properties, such as velocity and density. Different reservoirs have different amplitude variation with offset (AVO) responses, which can define underground conditions. In the present paper we investigate walkaway vertical seismic profile (VSP) AVO response to CO2 injection at the Ketzin site, the first European onshore CO2 sequestration pilot study dealing with research on geological storage of CO2. First, we performed rock physics analysis to evaluate the effect of injected CO2 on seismic velocity using the Biot-Gassmann equation. On the basis of this model, the seismic response for different CO2 injection saturation was studied using ray tracing modeling. We then created synthetic walkaway VSP data, which we then processed. In contrast, synthetic seismic traces were created from borehole data. Finally, we found that the amplitude of CO2 injected sand layer with different gas saturations were increased with the offset when compared with the original brine target layer. This is the typical class III AVO anomaly for gas sand layer. The AVO responses matched the synthetic seismic traces very well. Therefore, walkaway VSP AVO response can monitor CO2 distribution in the Ketzin area. 相似文献
352.
353.
Ghylaine Quitté Christopher Latkoczy Maria Schönbächler Alex N. Halliday Detlef Günther 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(23):7698-7706
Eucrites are basaltic meteorites that cooled rapidly but are in many instances thermally metamorphosed and impact brecciated. The exact timing of these events remains unclear. In this study, Ni isotopic compositions and Fe/Ni elemental ratios are presented for two non-cumulate eucrites, Bouvante and Juvinas, including mineral separates from the latter. The samples are characterized by variable, well-resolved 60Ni-excesses consistent with the former presence of live 60Fe (t1/2 = 2.62 Ma) at the time of eucrite crystallization. A significant fraction of Ni with a terrestrial-like composition appears to be surface correlated. This Ni may be the product of terrestrial contamination or was introduced by a chondritic impactor during brecciation. Altogether, the data provide evidence for a complex and probably multi-stage history of Fe and/or Ni redistribution, which impedes the interpretation of the chronological data. 相似文献
354.
355.
Triaxial shear testing of polished slickensided surfaces 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Christopher L. Meehan Binod Tiwari Thomas L. Brandon J. Michael Duncan 《Landslides》2011,8(4):449-458
A series of consolidated-drained triaxial tests were performed on precut and polished clay specimens to measure their drained
residual strength. Two soils were tested during this research program: Rancho Solano Clay and San Francisco Bay Mud. Specimens
were tested using a specially modified triaxial compression device which was developed to minimize the effects of end-platen
restraint on the measured strengths. Special attention was paid to the influence of changing specimen area and membrane effects
during the test. Triaxial test results were compared with baseline measurements of drained residual shear strength that were
made for each of the clay soils using Bromhead ring shear tests and polished-specimen direct shear tests. Residual strength
values measured in the triaxial device were higher than the drained residual strengths measured in the Bromhead ring shear
apparatus and the direct shear device, indicating that this test approach is more challenging than the use of direct shear
tests conducted on polished slickensided surfaces. Comparison of single stage and multistage triaxial test data indicates
that multistage triaxial testing may work well for specimens that fail along a well-defined plane, provided that careful attention
is given to the effects of end platen restraint, membrane restraint, and changes in specimen area during shear. 相似文献
356.
Charles C. Wall Bradley J. Peterson Christopher J. Gobler 《Estuaries and Coasts》2011,34(6):1262-1277
While many coastal ecosystems previously supported high densities of seagrass and abundant bivalves, the impacts of overfishing,
eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and habitat loss have collectively contributed to the decline of these important resources.
Despite improvements in wastewater treatment in some watersheds and subsequent reduced nutrient loading to neighboring estuaries,
seagrass and bivalve populations in these locations have generally not recovered. We performed three mesocosm experiments
to simultaneously examine the contrasting effects of nutrient loading and historic suspension-feeding bivalve densities on
the growth of eelgrass (Zostera marina), juvenile bivalves (northern quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria; eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica; and bay scallops, Argopecten irradians), and juvenile planktivorous fish (sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus). High nutrient loading rates led to significantly higher phytoplankton (chlorophyll a) levels in all experiments, significantly increased growth of juvenile bivalves relative to controls with lower nutrient
loading rates in two experiments, and significantly reduced the growth of eelgrass in one experiment. The filtration provided
by adult suspension feeders (M. mercenaria and C. virginica) significantly decreased phytoplankton levels in all experiments, significantly increased light penetration and the growth
of eelgrass in one experiment, and significantly decreased the growth of juvenile bivalves and fish in two experiments, all
relative to controls with no filtration from adult suspension feeders. These results demonstrate that an appropriate level
of nutrient loading can have a positive effect on some estuarine resources and that bivalve filtration can mediate the effects
of nutrient loading to the benefit or detriment of different estuarine resources. Future ecosystem-based approaches will need
to simultaneously account for anthropogenic nutrient loading and bivalve restoration to successfully manage estuarine resources. 相似文献
357.
Amy Gartman Mustafa Y��cel Andrew S. Madison David W. Chu Shufen Ma Christopher P. Janzen Erin L. Becker Roxanne A. Beinart Peter R. Girguis George W. Luther III 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2011,17(4-5):583-601
The sulfide (H2S/HS?) that is emitted from hydrothermal vents begins to oxidize abiotically with oxygen upon contact with ambient bottom water, but the reaction kinetics are slow. Here, using in situ voltammetry, we report detection of the intermediate sulfur oxidation products polysulfides [ $ {\text{S}}_{\text{x}}^{2 - } $ ] and thiosulfate [ $ {\text{S}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}_{ 3}^{ 2- } $ ], along with contextual data on sulfide, oxygen, and temperature. At Lau Basin in 2006, thiosulfate was identified in less than one percent of approximately 10,500 scans and no polysulfides were detected. Only five percent of 11,000 voltammetric scans taken at four vent sites at Lau Basin in May 2009 show either thiosulfate or polysulfides. These in situ data indicate that abiotic sulfide oxidation does not readily occur as H2S contacts oxic bottom waters. Calculated abiotic potential sulfide oxidation rates are <10?3 ??M/min and are consistent with slow oxidation and the observed lack of sulfur oxidation intermediates. It is known that the thermodynamics for the first electron transfer step for sulfide and oxygen during sulfide oxidation in these systems are unfavorable, and that the kinetics for two electron transfers are not rapid. Here, we suggest that different metal catalyzed and/or biotic reaction pathways can readily produce sulfur oxidation intermediates. Via shipboard high-pressure incubation experiments, we show that snails with chemosynthetic endosymbionts do release polysulfides and may be responsible for our field observations of polysulfides. 相似文献
358.
Patrick Drupp Eric Heinen De Carlo Fred T. Mackenzie Paul Bienfang Christopher L. Sabine 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2011,17(4-5):473-498
The marine shelf areas in subtropical and tropical regions represent only 35% of the total shelf areas globally, but receive a disproportionately large amount of water (65%) and sediment (58%) discharges that enter such environments. Small rivers and/or streams that drain the mountainous areas in these climatic zones deliver the majority of the sediment and nutrient inputs to these narrow shelf environments; such inputs often occur as discrete, episodic introductions associated with storm events. To gain insight into the linked biogeochemical behavior of subtropical/tropical mountainous watershed-coastal ocean ecosystems, this work describes the use of a buoy system to monitor autonomously water quality responses to land-derived nutrient inputs and physical forcing associated with local storm events in the coastal ocean of southern Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, USA. The data represent 2.5 years of near-real time observations at a fixed station, collected concurrently with spatially distributed synoptic sampling over larger sections of Kaneohe Bay. Storm events cause most of the fluvial nutrient, particulate, and dissolved organic carbon inputs to Kaneohe Bay. Nutrient loadings from direct rainfall and/or terrestrial runoff produce an immediate increase in the N:P ratio of bay waters up to values of 48 and drive phytoplankton biomass growth. Rapid uptake of such nutrient subsidies by phytoplankton causes rapid declines of N levels, return to N-limited conditions, and subsequent decline of phytoplankton biomass over timescales ranging from a few days to several weeks, depending on conditions and proximity to the sources of runoff. The enhanced productivity may promote the drawing down of pCO2 and lowering of surface water column carbonate saturation states, and in some events, a temporary shift from N to P limitation. The productivity-driven CO2 drawdown may temporarily lead to air-to-sea transfer of atmospheric CO2 in a system that is on an annual basis a source of CO2 to the atmosphere due to calcification and perhaps heterotrophy. Storms may also strongly affect proximal coastal zone pCO2 and hence carbonate saturation state due to river runoff flushing out high pCO2 soil and ground waters. Mixing of the CO2-charged water with seawater causes a salting out effect that releases CO2 to the atmosphere. Many subtropical and tropical systems throughout the Pacific region are similar to Kaneohe Bay, and our work provides an important indication of the variability and range of CO2 dynamics that are likely to exist elsewhere. Such variability must be taken into account in any analysis of the direction and magnitude of the air?Csea CO2 exchange for the integrated coastal ocean, proximal and distal. It cannot be overemphasized that this research illustrates several examples of how high frequency sampling by a moored autonomous system can provide details about ecosystem responses to stochastic atmospheric forcing that are commonly missed by traditional synoptic observational approaches. Finally, the work exemplifies the utility of combining synoptic sampling and real-time autonomous observations to elucidate the biogeochemical and physical responses of coastal subtropical/tropical coral reef ecosystems to climatic perturbations. 相似文献
359.
On the utility of identification schemes for digital earth science data: an assessment and recommendations 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ruth E. Duerr Robert R. Downs Curt Tilmes Bruce Barkstrom W. Christopher Lenhardt Joseph Glassy Luis E. Bermudez Peter Slaughter 《Earth Science Informatics》2011,4(3):139-160
In recent years, a number of data identification technologies have been developed which purport to permanently identify digital
objects. In this paper, nine technologies and systems for assigning persistent identifiers are assessed for their applicability
to Earth science data (ARKs, DOIs, XRIs, Handles, LSIDs, OIDs, PURLs, URIs/URNs/URLs, and UUIDs). The evaluation used four
use cases that focused on the suitability of each scheme to provide Unique Identifiers for Earth science data objects, to
provide Unique Locators for the objects, to serve as Citable Locators, and to uniquely identify the scientific contents of
data objects if the data were reformatted. Of all the identifier schemes assessed, the one that most closely meets all of
the requirements for an Unique Identifier is the UUID scheme. Any of the URL/URI/IRI-based identifier schemes assessed could
be used for Unique Locators. Since there are currently no strong market leaders to help make the choice among them, the decision
must be based on secondary criteria. While most publications now allow the use of URLs in citations, so that all of the URL/URI/IRI
based identification schemes discussed in this paper could potentially be used as a Citable Locator, DOIs are the identification
scheme currently adopted by most commercial publishers. None of the identifier schemes assessed here even minimally address
identification of scientifically identical numerical data sets under reformatting. 相似文献
360.
Nicolas Waldmann Flavio S. Anselmetti Daniel Ariztegui James A. Austin Jr Mortaza Pirouz Christopher M. Moy Robert Dunbar 《Basin Research》2011,23(2):171-190
High‐resolution seismic imaging and coring in Lago Fagnano, located along a plate boundary in Tierra del Fuego, have revealed a dated sequence of Holocene mass‐wasting events. These structures are interpreted as sediment mobilizations resulting from loading of the slope‐adjacent lake floor during mass‐flow deposition. More than 19 mass‐flow deposits have been identified, combining results from 800 km of gridded seismic profiles used to site sediment cores. Successions of up to 6‐m thick mass‐flow deposits, pond atop the basin floor and spread eastward and westward following the main axis of the eastern sub‐basin of Lago Fagnano. We developed an age model, on the basis of information from previous studies and from new AMS‐14C ages on cored sediments, which allows us to establish a well‐constrained chronologic mass‐wasting event‐catalogue covering the last ~12 000 years. Simultaneously triggered, basin‐wide lateral slope failure and the formation of multiple debris flow and postulated megaturbidite deposits are interpreted as the fingerprint of paleo‐seismic activity along the Magallanes‐Fagnano transform fault that runs along the entire lake basin. The slope failures and megaturbidites are interpreted as recording large earthquakes occurring along the transform fault since the early Holocene. The results from this study provide new data about the frequency and possible magnitude of Holocene earthquakes in Tierra del Fuego, which can be applied in the context of seismic hazard assessment in southernmost Patagonia. 相似文献