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91.
The processes acting on a longitudinal dune are inferred from the response in the area size-sorting characteristics of the sediment of the active layer. The sediment size distributions are determined by settling and are best described by a log-hyperbolic model which provides the most information on size-sorting processes. Size-sorting characteristics are markedly different across the low round-crested part of the dune from cross-sections of the high more sharp-crested part. This results in changes in textural parameters along the lee-side consistent with changes in the lee-side separation vortex. This is the first time that the effect of wind speed up on the lee-side is observed to be reflected in the sediment; it can only be detected with the very sensitive log-hyperbolic parameters. 相似文献
92.
Christian Werner 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1994,19(8):747-762
Every basin of higher than first order is drained by a channel network composed of two subnetworks. Their basins are separated by a drainage divide line, called the basin divider, which is the primary organizing feature of the main basin. Each basin of magnitude n contains n – 1 subnetworks of higher order, and is therefore organized by a set of n – 1 dividers. The dividers and the basin boundary are interconnected in a graph called the divider network of the basin; in graph-theoretic terms this network forms a tree and has the same magnitude and link numbers as the channel network draining the basin. While the subbasins and subnetworks of a drainage basin form a nesting hierarchy, the corresponding dividers do not; indeed, any two dividers share at most one node in common, and whether they do so is independent of whether the corresponding subbasins are nesting or disjoint. However, the dividers of nesting basins are linked by recursive relationships which permit the derivation of a set of algebraic equations; these equations relate the dividers of a basin to other basin components; for example, their combined length is equal to half the length of all first-order basin boundaries minus the length of the main basin boundary. The second part of the paper explores the dependence of the divider length on other basin parameters. The expected length, as predicted by the assumption of topological randomness, is clearly rejected by the data. An alternative approach (regression) is based on the observed magnitudes of the subbasins separated by each divider, and is reasonably successful in estimating divider length. The last section introduces the concept of the standardized basin defined by a boundary length of unity; the estimated lengths of the basin divider and the basin boundary permit an approximate reconstruction of the idealized basin shape and the location of the divider in it. 相似文献
93.
R P Dubey N D Christian K D Mallick 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》1991,19(4):277-286
Visual interpretation forms the basis for many operational applications of remote sensing. Suitable enlargement of remotely sensed data by optical projection is a basic requirement for visual interpretation. High Magnification Enlarger (HME) is a versatile interpretation aid developed for achieving wide-ranging scale transfer and variable-magnification display from a standard 24 cm format transparency. It operates on the principle of optical projection and is configured as a vertical column mounted unit. Low-distortion, high-quality enlarging lenses coupled with accuracy of alignment ensure accurate reproduction of the scale and the finer details from the input image transparency. Maximum user convenience is achieved by motorization of various controls. 相似文献
94.
Information available (since 1977) from a great many recent surveys on the Arcachon Basin has enabled us to determine three characteristic environments and study the behaviour of heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg). The relationship between heavy metals and grain-size fractions has been determined after having specified whether metals were preferentially organically or inorganically bound. This study has allowed us to establish the origin (natural or anthropogenic) of metallic enrichment and assess the extent of pollution. 相似文献
95.
Coesite and pure pyrope in high-grade blueschists of the Western Alps: a first record and some consequences 总被引:55,自引:0,他引:55
Christian Chopin 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1984,86(2):107-118
A pyrope-quartzite originally described by Vialon (1966) from the Dora Maira massif was resampled and reinvestigated. Garnet (up to 25 cm in size), phengite, kyanite, talc and rutile are in textural equilibrium in an undeformed matrix of polygonal quartz. The garnet is a pyrope-almandine solid solution with 90 to 98 mol % Mg end-member. It contains inclusions of coesite which has partially inverted to quartz, resulting in a typical radial cracking of the host garnet around the inclusions. Several lines of evidence show that coesite crystallised under nearly static pressure conditions and that the whole matrix has once been coesite. The formidable pressures of formation implied (≧28 kbar) are independently indicated by i) the coexistence of nearly pure pyrope with free silica and talc, ii) the coexistence of jadeite with kyanite, iii) the high Si content of phengite. Water activity must have been low. The stability of talc-phengite and the presence of rare glaucophane inclusions in pyrope point to low formation temperatures (about 700 °C) and to a probable Alpine age for the assemblage. This is evidence that low temperature gradients, how essentially transient they are, may nevertheless persist to considerable depths. Moreover, the upper crustal (evaporite-related?) origin of the quartzite and its interbedding within a continental unit implies that continental crust may also be subducted to depths of 90 km or more. The return back to the surface is problematic; the retrograde assemblages observed show that it must be tectonic. If the rocks remain at depth, new perspectives open for the genesis of intermediate to acidic magmas. Eventually, the role of continental crust in geodynamics may have to be reconsidered. 相似文献
96.
Sulfide and platinum mineralization in the Merensky Reef: evidence from hydrous silicates and fluid inclusions 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
Christian G. Ballhaus Eugen F. Stumpfl 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(2):193-204
The base metal sulfides of the Merensky Reef are associated with hydrous silicates and intense deuteric hydrous alteration of cumulus and postcumulus silicates. Biotite and phlogopite crystallized in the vicinity of sulfides from a volatile-enriched highly fractionated intercumulus melt. Amphibole, chlorite, and talc are later alteration phases of cumulus pyroxene and intercumulus plagioclase. Biotite is often accompanied by zircon, rutile, and quartz. Accessory quartz hosts a complex suite of H2O-NaCl-(CaCl2)-CO2-CH4 fluid inclusions which have thus far not been described from the Merensky Reef. The earliest fluid inclusion compositions are NaCl-(H2O) with less than 10 vol.% water; CO2 coexisting with a halite daughter crystal and brine; and polyphase inclusions with up to six daughter and accidental phases and high contents of divalent cations. The maximum trapping temperature is around 730° C at 4 to 5 kb pressure. Later inclusion generations are H2O-NaCl, CO2-H2O, and pure CO2 and CH4. The presence of Cl-rich fluids during the intercumulus stage of the crystallizing Merensky Reef is directly related to the mode of sulfide precipitation. Prior to sulfide unmixing in a hydrous magma sulfur is likely to be present as H2S. Sulfur saturation causes reaction of H2S with oxides of the silicate melt to form a sulfide melt plus water. During reaction the magma is enriched in water until a separate fluid unmixes. It carries all compounds with high fluid/melt partition coefficients, as well as metals capable of forming OH- and Cl-complexes. Precious metals are assumed to have fractionated into the Cl-rich fluid as Cl-complexes rather than being dissolved in the sulfide melt. During the cooling evolution of the fluid the precious elements precipitate around the periphery of sulfide melt droplets. The model proposed explains the distribution pattern of platinum-group minerals in the Merensky Reef better than any orthomagmatic mineralization concept offered so far. 相似文献
97.
98.
Christian Weiler 《Surveys in Geophysics》1995,16(5-6):671-679
For the purposes of a thesis at the Institute of avalanche and torrent control at the university of agriculture in Vienna a comparison of two avalanche-models, a hydraulic one from Voellmy/Salm/Gubler and a statistical one from Laatsch/Zenke/Dankerl with exemplary exactly known avalanches of Tyrol and Switzerland was started in 1993. The result of this work was that both models failed by the calculation of avalanches with high recurrence intervals (over 300 years). For the calculation of avalanches with recurrence intervals under 300 years the results of both models are regular. The conclusion is that a combination of two models i.e. a hydraulic one improved by statistical calculations will be the best. 相似文献
99.
100.