Static stress changes as a triggering mechanism of a shallow earthquake: case study of the 1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake

The role of static stress changes in triggering an earthquake has long been debated in the fields of geophysics and fault mechanics. Valuable data sets for the study of static triggering were provided within the 1-year period following the devastating 1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake (M_W=7.6), during which more than 20,000 aftershocks occurred. In this study, stress waves generated by the Chi-Chi earthquake were calculated using a source rupture model in conjunction with a layered elastic model. Static (permanent) stress changes were extracted from the long-period offsets in the stressgrams. Correlations between the calculated stress changes and seismicity were analyzed at different depths and over varying time intervals to ascertain the impact effects of stress changes on triggering aftershocks. Correlations between prior seismicity rates and static stress changes imposed by the Chi-Chi event were low, while correlations between late seismicity rates and static stress changes were much higher. This indicates that static stress changes did affect the occurrence of the Chi-Chi aftershock sequence. The percentage of early aftershocks at shallow depths (0-10 km) in static stress-enhanced areas within 2 weeks of the main shock was high but decreased considerably at greater depths (>10 km) and over longer time periods. It is concluded that static stress changes at depths of 0-10 km played a major role in triggering crustal aftershocks, especially those that occurred within 2 weeks of the main shock. In the deeper crust, static stress changes may have been modified by viscous flow, and at later times, perturbed by earlier, larger aftershocks. Although the correlations between seismicity rate changes and static stress changes are imperfect, a region that was anti-triggered is detected when these two results are compared. Static stress changes are presumably not the only aftershock triggering mechanism, but they definitively play a major role in triggering shallow aftershocks.     

Discovery of the copper deposits with features of the Keweenawan type in the border area of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces

There existed intense Cu anomaly on the northeastern side of the geochemical boundary with NW strike in the border area between the Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. Through field observation, ore bodies of high-grade native coppers have been found. The copper mineralization was constrained by the ancient volcanic vents of Permian basalt eruption and the overlain strata of carbonaceous argillites. Native coppers with flaky, net veined and impregnated occurrences, fine-grained tenorites and massive chalcocites widely occur in volcanic breccias, tuffs, carbonaceous-siliceous argillites and siliceous bitumen rocks with bed thickness of about 15–80 m. Cu contents vary from 0.5% to 20%. The copper mineralization was tightly related to actino-lite-tremolitization, zeolitization and bituminization and involved in extensive reduction environments. Continental flood basalts erupted in mantle plume environments usually have high Cu concentrations (～170 ×10^?6 in the Emeishan basalts), which provided a copper source of mineralization. Thus, metallogenesis of the native copper deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou border area is tightly associated with intensive crust-mantle and organic-inorganic interactions. The tremolitization and chalcocitization indicate that the metallogenic temperatures are in a range of 400–100°C. The geologic background and characteristics of ore and alteration for the native copper deposits in this area are somewhat similar to those of the Keweenawan native copper deposit in Michigan, USA.     

黄海及其邻区深部结构特点与地质演化

根据黄海及其周边地区的布格重力资料，通过多种方法处理，得到有关断裂的信息并求取了研究区的地壳厚度分布. 经过与地震层析成像结果、地质资料的对比和综合分析，认为朝鲜半岛西缘断裂带和济州岛南缘断裂带均为深大断裂，断裂带的两侧速度结构存在较大差异. 推断朝鲜半岛和南黄海分别属于不同的地质单元. 根据对岩石层结构的综合分析，认为中朝与扬子块体在黄海海域的接触关系是扬子块体推覆于中朝块体之上. 从目前的地震层析成像、重力异常、地壳厚度分布等结果来看，还不足以判断扬子与华南块体结合带在黄海海域中的准确位置.     

南黄海东南部冰后期泥质沉积物中磁性矿物的成岩变化及其对环境变化的响应

YSDP103孔位于南黄海东南部冷涡泥质沉积区, 0~29.79 m岩心代表约13 ka BP以来形成的陆架泥质沉积物, 其下段(A2段, 29.79~13.35 m)是在冰后期海侵直至全新世中期(约6 ka BP(14C测定))海平面达到最高这段时间内形成的, 而上段(A1段, 13.35~0 m)则是在冰后期海侵达到最高海平面之后伴随着黄海暖流的形成而出现的冷涡环境中沉积的. 笔者对YSDP103孔0~29.79 m岩心开展了详细的岩石磁学研究, 结果表明, 钻孔岩心的磁性组分主要是磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿和赤铁矿, 除了最上部2.35 m外, 其磁性矿物遭受了还原成岩作用, 磁性矿物的含量和低矫顽力组分的比例都显著降低. 铁磁性硫化物(胶黄铁矿)存在于A2段, 但在A1段缺失, 表明了海洋环境条件对磁性矿物成岩过程的控制. 磁学参数在A1和A2段的界线处发生突变, 反映了环境条件和原始磁性组分的差异对成岩作用的共同影响. 在A2段磁学参数的高、低值层段交替出现, 可能反映在A2段沉积期间进入沉积区的碎屑磁性矿物在含量的多、少和/或粒度的粗、细上出现周期性变化.     

四合屯-义县地区义县组火山活动的旋回性特征

在岩石学特征分析的基础上,结合本区广为发育的火山间歇期沉凝灰岩、凝灰质粉砂岩以及其中的古生物化石特征等,作者将四合屯-义县地区义县组火山活动分为早、中、晚3个火山活动旋回,即早期以玄武岩、玄武安山质火山岩类为主的基性、中基性旋回;中期以流纹质及英安质火山岩类为主的中酸性旋回;晚期以玄武岩为主的基性旋回.义县组火山活动早期的基性、中基性旋回还可进一步分为4个亚旋回,在其中的沉凝灰岩中发育有以鹦鹉嘴龙为主的古脊椎动物化石.各旋回或亚旋回的底部不同程度地发育有爆发-沉积相的沉凝灰岩或内陆湖泊相沉积岩.包括珍稀动植物在内的热河生物群化石则产于义县组火山活动中期的沉凝灰岩以及钙质页岩之中.     

甘肃省肃北县马庄山金矿成因分析

马庄山大型金矿床形成于古生代岛弧火山机构中。该矿床与晚石炭世中酸性火山岩及次火山岩在空间上、成因上密切相关。矿石和脉石REE配分图和微量元素特征与岩浆岩相似 ,说明成矿物质来自系统内岩浆源。成矿流体具有中低温、浅成、偏碱性、弱还原特点。成矿条件参数 pH值、氧逸度、硫逸度、Eh值及δ34 S值均随着还原参数Hy和温度有规律变化。成矿机制是在岩浆演化—火山机构—构造空间—地下水共同作用下 ,形成岩浆热液—地下水混合流体 ,使系统内物理化学条件发生改变 ,导致成矿物质沉淀成矿     

Application of Lead Isotopes to Geochemical Exploration of Gold Deposits in Baoban , Hainan Province, China

Lead isotopes have been widely applied in geochemical exploration and evaluation of ore deposits, as well as in ascertaining the age of mineralization and the source of ore fluids.Long-term practice showed that the method of lead isotope targeting is somewhat efficient for macroscopic evaluation of forecasting areas, but not powerful enough for for ecasting concealed orebodies. As the contents of U and the variation of U/Pb ratio sharply decrease with depth in the lithosphere, U-Th-Pb isotopic differentiation must have occurred during the crust-mantle e-volution. Lead isotopic ratios show a wide variation range, varying in the front of mineralizationand shallow-derived ores, but maintaining very stable in the major orebody and being usuallyclose to the average isotopic composition of the crust and mantle of the continent block fromwhich the ores were derived. Therefore, the lead isotopic composition can serve as a measure for identifying the position of mineralization. The lead isotope geochemistry was applied to the ex-ploration and evaluation of the Baoban gold deposits of Hainan Province, China. The an alyticalresults of ore veins and adjacent rocks showed that there is a correlation between the lead isotopedata and the position of orebody. Based on the experience from the Baoban gold deposits and other ore deposits in Yunnan Province, an exploration principle has been established, that is,positive anomalies of lead isotope eigenvectors for prospecting deep-seated orebodies and nega-tive anomalies of eigenvectors for enlarging lateral exploration surrounding the known deposit.The ore beds in the Erjia and Beiniu mining districts should be as signed to the deep part of the orebody and those in the Tuwaishan mining district should be the shallow part, so ore beds cor-responding to those in the Erjia and Beiniu mining districts may be found in the Tuwaishan min-ing district.     

Interaction between groundwater quality and hydraulic head in an area around an underground LPG storage cavern,Korea

The interactive influence between groundwater flow and salinization that occurs in an underground LPG cavern site in Korea was investigated using chemical analysis data and cross-correlation analysis between hydraulic head and operating pressure data. The concentration of the major cations and anions showed a large difference between rainy and dry seasons due to the seasonal intrusion of highly saline water into the cavern area. However, the Cl/Br ratio and '¹⁸O-Cl relationship showed that two types of saline water (seawater and halite-dissolved solution) influenced the groundwater salinization of the study area. The cross-correlation results revealed that a positive relationship between hydraulic head and cavern operating pressure was far more conspicuous in the propane cavern area (89-91% of correlation coefficients), and tidal change influenced the head variation in the butane cavern area. That is, continuous intrusion of seawater near the South Sea could bring about a high concentration of major cations and anions in the butane seepage waters and groundwaters near the coastal area, and seasonal variation in the operating pressure at the propane cavern played an important driving force in fast infiltration of halite-dissolved solution from surface halite stock and a subsequent increase in Na and Cl concentration during the dry season.     

支盘灌注桩应用效果的调查分析与研究

从支盘灌注桩的工程特性、在建设工程中的适用性、支盘桩的设计和在推广应用中需进行提高,以及调研结果和推广应用意见等方面详细阐述和分析了支盘桩的应用效果、推广前景及需进一步改善的问题,该桩型已为岩土工程工作者所接受,并逐渐应用于各个领域。     

青海省民和黄土的粒度组成及气候含义

对位于青藏高原东北缘的青海省民和黄土采样和粒度分析结果的研究表明，民和黄土的粒度远大于兰州等地黄土的粒度。民和黄土（粒径＞30μm和＞50μm的粗颗粒组分）分别指示了冬季风强度变化和青藏高原阶段性隆升所激发产生的黄土物源区作用。高原表面的寒冻风化物和冰碛物等给民和黄土提供了可观的粗物质补给。高原隆升以及其它区域性构造变动使黄土物源区呈现多样性特征。