Stratospheric Measurements of Magnetospheric Electron Precipitation and Interplanetary Medium Conditions in Solar Activity Cycles 22–24

High-energy electrons precipitate into the atmosphere under the influence of disturbances of the interplanetary medium on the magnetosphere. Electrons captured from interplanetary space interact in the magnetosphere with waves, resulting in both acceleration and electron energy loss. Some high-energy electrons precipitate into the atmosphere where they generate bremsstrahlung X-rays, which can penetrate deep into the atmosphere to heights of the order of 20 km. The current 11-year cycle is characterized by weak solar activity and a small number of precipitations. The paper discusses the correlation between the parameters of the interplanetary medium and the magnetosphere with the number of precipitations recorded from 1987 to the present during regular measurements of ionizing radiation in the atmosphere in the Murmansk region.     

Ground-based Instrument for the Study of Cosmic Ray Variation in Nur-Sultan

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Cosmic rays are the main factor in atmospheric ionization; they affect the formation of clouds and determine the properties of the global electrical circuit. The...     

Sources of manganese deposited as oceanic Fe-Mn ore

The current concepts of two competing sources of manganese deposited as oceanic Fe-Mn ore are reviewed and assessed critically. A new solution of this problem proposed in this paper is a further development of fundamental works by N.M. Strakhov in the light of new facts and with allowance for geological, geochemical, and geohistorical data. It has been concluded that terrigenous material removed from land serves as a main source of manganese fixed in oceanic Fe-Mn ore. The history of sedimentation and nodule formation in the World Ocean lasted for more than two billion years. Manganese has been supplied to recent bottom sediments from both present-day and older sources. The closed geochemical cycle of Mn circulation in the ocean is intimately related to its circulation in the hydrosphere. Seawater is oversaturated with Mn and serves as its immediate source for ore deposition and elevated concentrations in bottom sediments affected by hydrothermal solutions or other manifestations of endogenic activity. Seawater is a repository for Mn, where this element is retained during global cataclysms, which have repeatedly occurred in geological history.