Applications of immuno-magnetic bead and immunofluorescent flow cytometric techniques for the quantitative detection of HAB microalgae

Overthelastseveraldecades,harmfulalgalblooms(HABs)havebecomeaseriousenvironmental problem in many parts of the world. A rapid and accurate detection process for HAB algae has yet to be developed. Heterosigma akashiwo is one of the most important HABs species in China. The objective of this study was to develop an immunologic technique that can rapidly and sensitively count H. akashiwo cells. Five HABs species (Alexandrium catenella, Thalassiosira sp., Cryptomonas sp., Alexandrium tamarense and Symbiodinium sp.,) were used in this study to evaluate the analysis process we developed. A polyclonal antibody with high titers against H. akashiwo was obtained by injecting H. akashiwo cells into rabbits. Immuno-magnetic beads (IMB) were produced via conjugated polyclonal antibodies with magnetic beads and applied to isolate and count H. akashiwo cells from the culture. Results show that 66.7%-91.6% of the cells were captured from unialgal culture by IMBs, and only 5.3%-12.5% of the four other HAB microalgae species were captured, indicating that the constructed IMBs combined specifically with the H. akashiwo cells. At the same time, flow cytometry (FCM) sorting was exploited to screen H. akashiwo cells after labeling with FITC conjugated polyclonal antibodies. Using the FCM technique, 91.7% of the targeted cells were sorted out from mixed microalgae samples in just a few minutes. These results indicate that both antibody-involved IMB and antibody-based FCM techniques are highly effective at detecting and quantifying HAB species. These techniques, especially immuno-magnetic separation, have low associated cost, and are fast and simple processes compared with other techniques currently in use.     

Rise and fall of recent Chinese coastal resort development: Case of Beihai Silver Beach, Guangxi, China

Based upon a case study of Silver Beach coastal resort of Beihai, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, this article examines the rise and fall of Chinese coastal tourist resort development since the 1980s. It explores the causes for and responses to the decline of Chinese coastal resorts. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with twelve local key information providers, and secondary information sources such as government archives, survey reports, and resort plans. It was found that the rise and fall of Chinese coastal resorts in the last three decades is closely linked to the transitional reform from a central planned economy to a market economy. Three stages of coastal tourism development were identified in a sequence of rapid growth, decline and redevelopment. It was government financial funds and high local government involvement that promoted the rapid expansion of coastal resorts during the 1980s. However, coastal resort decline occurred when transitional reform was intensified and deflationary policy executed after 1992. Institutional failure is found to be the main reason of Chinese coastal resorts decline since the mid-1990s. The government-dominated pattern could not be sustained and should be restructured in forthcoming coastal tourism development in China. Revival strategies should emphasize enhancing market-oriented reform in the declining resorts on both supply and demand sides.     

威海海上风电场海流与海冰特征分析

本文对拟建的威海海上风电场周围海域的海流和海冰特征进行了初步分析。在介绍威海海上风能开发利用情况的基础上,采用国际上较为先进的数值模型对威海附近海域的水动力情况进行了数值模拟和分析,并根据实际观测的资料对这一区域的冰情进行了回顾和分析,为海上风电场的建设及风机设计提供了必要依据。     

Farmer’s adaptive strategies on land competition between societal outcomes and agroecosystem conservation in the purple-soiled hilly region, southwestern China

The worldwide extension and intensification of farming during the last century has led to ecosystem degradation and caused a series of environmental problems.Conservation of ecosystem services in agricultural regions has been implemented by top-down government actions or initiated by resilience scientists in the developed countries,but little attention was paid in the developing countries,especially in some remote mountainous regions.The present paper presents a case study showing how local farmers obtained both maximal societal outcomes and agroecosystem conservation interests in the absence of distinct boundaries between agricultural and protected ecological areas in the densely populated purple-soiled hilly region of southwestern China.The local community(Yanting County) has developed a mosaic agricultural-forestry-fishery-stock breeding system with spatially targeted land uses,diverse agricultural productions and multiple ecological partnerships.It indicates that the local farmers have hereditarily perceived sound strategies on maximizing sustainable societal outcomes and optimizing tradeoffs among macro-market,state policy,new technological facility and ecological reinforcement.     

祁连山中段树木年轮低频气候信息提取方法探讨

对现有的区域曲线标准化方法（RCS）进行改进,提出区域生长曲线标准化方法(Regional Growth Curve Standardization, RGCS),以尽多保留树轮序列中的低频气候信息。利用祁连山中段的树轮样本,分别建立了STD、RCS和RGCS年表,并将RGCS年表与STD、RCS年表进行对比分析。结果表明：RGCS年表保留低频信息能力最强,RCS年表次之,STD年表则相对较弱,且RGCS年表有着更好的对温度信号的响应能力。     

Grading Woodland Soil Water Productivity and Soil Bioavailability in the Semi‐Arid Loess Plateau of China

In the semi‐arid region of the Loess Plateau in China, a portable photosynthesis system (Li‐6400) and a portable steady porometer (Li‐1600) were used to study the quantitative relation between the soil water content (SWC) and trees' physiological parameters including net photosynthesis rate (P_n), carboxylation efficiency (CE), transpiration rate (T_r), water use efficiency of leaf (WUE_L), stomatic conductivity (G_s), stomatal resistance (R_s), intercellular CO₂ (C_i), and stomatal limitation (L_s). These are criteria for grading and evaluating soil water productivity and availability in forests of Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and Oriental Arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis). The results indicated: To the photosynthesis of Locust and Arborvitae, the SWC of less than 4.5 and 4.0% (relative water content (RWC) 21.5 and 19.0%) belong to “non‐productivity and non‐efficiency water”; the SWC of 4.5–10.0% (RWC 21.5–47.5%) and 4.0–8.5% (RWC 19.0–40.5%) belong to “low productivity and low efficiency water”; the SWC of 10.0–13.5% (RWC 47.5–64.0%) and 8.5–11.0% (RWC 40.5–52.0%) belong to “middle productivity and high efficiency water”; the SWC of 13.5–17.0% (RWC 64.0–81.0%) and 11.0–16.0% (RWC 52.0–76.0%) belong to “high productivity and middle efficiency water”; the SWC of 17.0–19.0% (RWC 81.0–90.5%) and 16.0–19.0% (RWC 76.0–90.5%) belong to “middle productivity and low efficiency water”; the SWC of more than 19.0% (RWC 90.5%) belongs to “low productivity and low efficiency water”. The SWC of about 13.5 and 11.0% (RWC 64.0 and 52.0%) are called “high productivity and high efficiency water”, which provides the further evidence for Locust and Arborvitae to get both higher productivity (P_n and CE) and the highest WUE_L and adaptation to the local environment, respectively.     

A statistical approach to disentangle environmental forcings in a lacustrine record: the Lago Chungará case (Chilean Altiplano)

A high resolution multiproxy study (magnetic susceptibility, X-ray diffraction, XRF scanner, gray-colour values, Total Organic Carbon, Total Inorganic Carbon, Total Carbon and Total Biogenic Silica) of the sedimentary infill of Lago Chungará (northern Chilean Altiplano) was undertaken to unravel the environmental forcings controlling its evolution using a number of different multivariate statistical techniques. Redundancy analyses enabled us to identify the main provenance of the studied proxies whereas stratigraphically unconstrained cluster analyses allowed us to distinguish the “outsiders” as result of anomalous XRF scanner acquisitions. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to identify and isolate the main underlying environmental gradients that characterize the sedimentary infill of Lago Chungará. The first eigenvector of the PCA could be interpreted as an indicator of changes in the input of volcaniclastic material, whereas the second one would indicate changes in water availability. The chronological model of this sedimentary sequence was constructed using 17 AMS ¹⁴C and 1 ²³⁸U/²³⁰Th dates in order to characterize the volcaniclastic input and the changes in water availability in the last 12,300 cal years BP. Comparison of the reconstructed volcaniclastic input of Lago Chungará with the dust particle record from the Nevado Sajama ice core suggested that the Parinacota volcano eruptions were the main source of dust during the mid and Late Holocene rather than the dry out lakes as has previously been pointed out. The comparison of the water availability reconstruction of Lago Chungará with three of the most detailed paleoenvironmental records of the region (Paco Cocha, Lake Titicaca and Salar Uyuni) showed an heterogeneous (and sometimes contradictory) temporal and spatial pattern distribution of moisture. Although the four reconstructions showed a good correlation, each lacustrine ecosystem responded differently to the moisture oscillations that affected this region. The variations in the paleoenvironmental records could be attributed to the dating uncertainities, lake size, lake morphology, catchment size and lacustrine ecosystem responses to the abrupt arid events.     

阿拉善地块北缘朱拉扎嘎毛道晚二叠世火山岩的发现

研究区位于阿拉善地块北部的朱拉扎嘎毛道地区,根据前人研究,该区还未发现火山岩出露。通过对朱拉扎嘎毛道地区的岩石样品野外观察和室内薄片鉴定,确定该区存在球粒流纹岩。该套球粒流纹岩玻璃质含量较高,约75%,玻璃质呈球粒状,有脱玻化现象,其中还包含大量自形程度较高的长石颗粒,可能表明球粒流纹岩在喷发之前捕获有围岩成分。锆石U Pb年龄表明,该套球粒流纹岩的主要喷发时间为晚二叠世。根据LuHf同位素组成,U Pb年龄为240~325 Ma的锆石,εHf(t)全为负值(-39.2~-13.0),且模式年龄远远大于U Pb年龄,表明形成这套球粒流纹岩的岩浆来源于古老地壳再循环。而研究区位于华北板块西部块体的北缘,所以该套球粒流纹岩是由华北板块西部块体北缘的古老地壳物质再循环产生。     

上海城市地下工程环境地质效应的几个关键问题

城市工程环境地质效应是随着城市化快速进程中的一种自然与人为作用下的新型地质作用,这种作用的持续发展,造成人员和财产的损失,即质变为城市地质灾害。随着上海城市建设进程加快,地下空间的开发所引起的环境地质问题,成为上海城市工程环境地质效应的关键问题;上海地铁M4号线建设重大事故发生后,对地下工程潜在的环境地质作用的研究显得特别重要。本文在大量调查、分析与研究的基础上,结合上海市城市地下空间快速发展面临的一系列工程环境地质灾害,采用自然科学与社会科学相互交叉的方法,剖析了上海市地下工程建设中的主要环境和地质灾害问题;针对城市地下空间引起的工程环境地质灾害具有突发性、潜在性、隐蔽性、社会性的特点．归纳出城市地质灾害的成灾原因,提出防治对策;根据城市发展的实际情况和2004年以后的远景目标,因地制宜地提出了整治城市地下空间工程环境地质效应的基本对策与管理措施．为制定城市地下空间发展远景规划和奋斗目标提供基本思路。这对深化地下工程环境地质问题的认识,推动城市地下工程环境及岩土工程问题的研究有积极意义。     

冰雹过程中闪电演变和雷达回波特征的综合分析

应用闪电定位网的资料和多普勒雷达资料,分析西北地区的降雹过程,详细讨论了2004年5月15日发生在兰州皋兰的一次降雹雷雨云的闪电演变、雷达回波特征和云特定参数之间的相互关系,对此雷雨云的闪电机制和电结构进行了分析推断。在皋兰产生降雹的个例分析表明,云中液态水含量是否出现高值区,是识别降雹开始的重要因子。在雷雨云移动路径上,总闪和云闪为线状分布,地闪集中分布在降雹区,云闪最多,地闪中绝大多数为负闪。综合计算降雹时段云参数分析表明,云中降水率和含水量对产生闪电相对敏感,推断这次雷雨云的电结构可能属于上正下负的偶极子型。