SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF CLIMATE VARIATIONS OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU DURING THE PERIOD 1300 ～ 2010

小冰期气候为评估现代气候变化提供了最直接的背景.本文主要依据树轮资料,同时结合现代仪器观测记录,利用经验正交函数(EOF)方法探讨了青藏高原小冰期以来气候变化的时空特征.首先分析了高原的温度变化.近50年来青藏高原的温度变化基本同相位变化,没有明显的区域差异;乌兰树轮序列是青藏高原的冬半年(9～4月)温度代用指标;利用6条指示夏季或暖季温度变化的树轮序列合并形成的新序列可指示高原春季-夏季(3～8月)温度变化;依据RCS(区域曲线标准化)方法建立的昌都树轮序列,能够反映整个青藏高原的年平均温度变化;不同季节的温度重建序列均显示17世纪和18世纪20～70年代是高原小冰期气候寒冷的时期,而18世纪初,19世纪后半叶,20世纪中期的气候较温暖,且均显示20世纪末期气候的快速增暖事实.其次,从重建的亚洲区域夏季PDSI(Palmer Drought Severity Index)网格化数据集中提取42个网格点数据,分析了过去700年(1300～2005A.D.)高原的湿度变化.发现前3个特征向量代表了高原过去湿度变化的主要空间模态,与利用器测降水记录展开的EOF模态基本一致,表明主导高原干湿变化时空差异的物理过程是稳定的,不随时间而变化;近700年来高原南北部湿度变化具有明显的区域差异,最显著的差别是:自20世纪中期以来高原北部存在明显的变湿趋势,而高原南部却恰恰相反,呈现逐渐变干的趋势;近700年来高原南部的干湿变化有超前于高原北部的趋势.     

利用厦门—连城临时测线记录提取面波格林函数

本文利用沿厦门—连城测线布设的20个临时观测台的记录, 结合近年发展起来的利用噪声提取面波格林函数的技术, 提取了这20个临时观测点两两间的面波格林函数。 结果表明, 40天的噪声数据完全可以得到信噪比较高的面波格林函数, 这可能和该测线与海岸线近似垂直, 能量主要由沿海传向内陆有关。 根据所有射线每天的面波格林函数随时间推移的变化, 指出S04观测点在此次临时观测期间存在1.5~2.0 s的授时误差, 这可很好的解释爆破观测中出现的震中距与波形到时的颠倒现象; 并且, 利用爆破记录的观测到时验证了“华南地区近震走时表”在该地区的适用性。     

A global empirical model for estimating zenith tropospheric delay

Tropospheric delay acts as a systematic error source in the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) positioning. Empirical models UNB3, UNB3m, UNB4 and EGNOS have been developed for use in Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS). Model performance, however, is limited due to the low spatial resolution of the look-up tables for meteorological parameters. A new design has been established in this study for improving performance of the tropospheric delay model by more effectively eliminating the error produced by tropospheric delay. The spatiotemporal characteristics of the Zenith Tropospheric Delay (ZTD) were analyzed with findings that ZTD exhibits different annual variations at different locations and decreases exponentially with height increasing. Spherical harmonics are utilized based on the findings to fit the annual mean and amplitude of the ZTD on a global scale and the exponential function is utilized for height corrections, yielding the ZTrop model. On a global scale, the ZTrop features an average deviation of -1.0 cm and Root Mean Square (RMS) of 4.7 cm compared with the International GNSS Service (IGS) ZTD products, an average deviation of 0.0 cm and RMS of 4.5 cm compared with the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) ZTD data, and an average deviation of -1.3 cm and RMS of 5.2 cm compared with the ZTD data from the Constellation Observing System of Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC). The RMS of the ZTrop model is 14.5% smaller than that of UNB3, 6.0% smaller than that of UNB3m, 16% smaller than that of UNB4, 14.5% smaller than that of EGNOS and equivalent to the sophisticated GPT2+Saas model in comparison with the IGS ZTD products. The ZTrop, UNB3m and GPT2+Saas models are finally evaluated in GPS-based Precise Point Positioning (PPP), as the models act to aid in obtaining PPP position error less than 1.5 cm in north and east components and relative large error (>5 cm) in up component with respect to the random walk approach.     

Changes in inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 40 years

Inland lakes and alpine glaciers are important water resources on the Tibetan Plateau. Understanding their variation is crucial for accurate evaluation and prediction of changes in water supply and for retrieval and analysis of climatic information. Data from previous research on 35 alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were used to investigate changes in lake water level and area. In terms of temporal changes, the area of the 35 alpine lakes could be divided into five groups: rising, falling-rising, rising-falling, fluctuating, and falling. In terms of spatial changes, the area of alpine lakes in the Himalayan Mountains, the Karakoram Mountains, and the Qaidam Basin tended to decrease; the area of lakes in the Naqu region and the Kunlun Mountains increased; and the area of lakes in the Hoh Xil region and Qilian Mountains fluctuated. Changes in lake water level and area were correlated with regional changes in climate. Reasons for changes in these lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed, including precipitation and evaporation from meteorological data, glacier meltwater from the Chinese glacier inventories. Several key problems, e.g. challenges of monitoring water balance, limitations to glacial area detection, uncertainties in detecting lake water-level variations and variable region boundaries of lake change types on the Tibetan Plateau were discussed. This research has most indicative significance to regional climate change.     

大兴安岭多宝山铜成矿区植物地球化学特征及找矿意义

在森林覆盖区利用植物地球化学找矿具有一定优势。对黑龙江省呼玛县多宝山铜矿区和相邻的呼玛县罕达气－白石砬子－宽河对照区进行植物地球化学找矿研究。植物样品采集以植物样方测量中常见植物为主,分别采集植物的根、茎、叶,并配套采集岩石和土壤各层位的样品,植物样品使用ICP-MS方法测试。植物中成矿元素对比和总富集系数(TEC)显示,在铜成矿区可以形成比较明显的植物地球化学异常。通过矿化岩石-土壤-植物元素相关分析和屏障系数(SC)证明,植物中元素异常与成矿作用具有成因联系。植物地球化学找矿干扰因素比较多,可利用元素在植物根、茎、叶器官内的分配特征来确定采样介质。提出利用衬度系数(CC)、组合衬度系数(CCC)、屏障系数(SC)等多指标方法选择有效指示植物,综合分析后认为白桦和胡枝子可作为多宝山铜成矿区有效指示植物。在大兴安岭森林覆盖区利用植物地球化学找矿是可行的。     

黑龙江省松江Cu-W-Zn多金属矿床地球化学特征及矿质来源

松江Cu-W-Zn多金属矿床是我国东北地区开发较早的一个矿床,随着开采的深入已进入危机矿山阶段。结合区域地质背景、矿床特征、地球化学特征综合分析认为：松江矿床具有典型接触交代成因特征,成矿作用与花岗闪长岩体有密切关系,且花岗闪长岩形成环境具有典型岛弧或活动大陆边缘火山岩相类似的属性。花岗闪长岩、矽卡岩矿石和大理岩三者在稀土丰度、配分型式上均具有较强可比性。W、Mo等成矿元素主要来自花岗闪长岩,Pb主要来自碳酸盐围岩,而Cu、Zn则可能同时来源于二者,但Cu更趋向于后者,Zn更趋向于前者;这很好地解释了松江矿床由岩体到围岩依次出现的Mo-W矿化、Fe-Cu矿化、Cu-Pb-Zn矿化、Pb-Zn矿化的分带现象。     

Analysis of geological conditions and thermal reservoir characteristics of Guantao Formation in new coastal region

Geothermal resources is one of the most practical and competitive new energy at present, and there is abundant geothermal resources in the new coastal region. The article get the three following conclusion through the geothermal geological condition by the drilling strata and the condition of the reducing test ： stratigraphic division is done by the analysis of formation lithology and the drilling aging; the water yield is higher than 100 m3/h, the flow temperature is 67℃-71℃ ; the average geothermal gradient of the overlying strata is 3.08℃-3.33℃/100 m.     

黄姑鱼雌核发育的人工诱导及鉴定

采用紫外线（UV）灭活的同源精子通过冷休克抑制第二极体排放诱导黄姑鱼的雌核发育。黄姑鱼精子最适的灭活剂量为420 mJ/cm2,紫外照射剂量与黄姑鱼精子和卵子授精后的受精率及孵化率之间表现出明显的Hertwig效应。多次试验筛选的黄姑鱼雌核发育的最适条件为授精后2min在3℃处理8min。雌核发育仔鱼经形态学和流式细胞仪鉴定为二倍体。进一步利用10对微卫星分析了遗传物质在亲本和子代中的传递情况,结果表明雌核发育后代的等位基因完全来自于母本,没有父本基因参与;雌核发育后代在5个位点微卫星位点具有较高的重组率,使其与母本保持了高度同质性。     

Genetic diversity in two Japanese flounder populations from China seas inferred using microsatellite markers and COI sequences

Japanese flounder is one of the most important commercial species in China; however, information on the genetic background of natural populations in China seas is scarce. The lack of genetic data has hampered fishery management and aquaculture development programs for this species. In the present study, we have analyzed the genetic diversity in natural populations of Japanese flounder sampled from the Yellow Sea (Qingdao population, QD) and East China Sea (Zhoushan population, ZS) using 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequencing data. A total of 68 different alleles were observed over 10 microsatellite loci. The total number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 9, and the number of genotypes per locus ranged from 3 to 45. The observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity in QD were 0.733 and 0.779, respectively, and in ZS the heterozygosity values were 0.708 and 0.783, respectively. Significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed in 7 of the 10 microsatellite loci in each of the two populations. The COI sequencing analysis revealed 25 polymorphic sites and 15 haplotypes in the two populations. The haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity in the QD population were 0.746±0.072 8 and 0.003 34±0.001 03 respectively, and in ZS population the genetic diversity values were 0.712±0.047 0 and 0.003 18±0.000 49, respectively. The microsatellite data (F_st =0.048 7, P<0.001) and mitochondrial DNA data (F_st =0.128, P<0.001) both revealed significant genetic differentiation between the two populations. The information on the genetic variation and differentiation in Japanese flounder obtained in this study could be used to set up suitable guidelines for the management and conservation of this species, as well as for managing artificial selection programs. In future studies, more geographically diverse stocks should be used to obtain a deeper understanding of the population structure of Japanese flounder in the China seas and adjacent regions.     

北半球千年温度集成重建所使用的代用序列述评——以石笋为例

充分掌握过去全球气候变化的规律,是分析现在全球气候变化的关键。为了重建近2 000 a的全球（主要是北半球）的温度时空格局,Mann使用了1 209条代用序列。主要评价Mann等在重建中世纪暖期以来（公元800年以来）全球（主要是北半球）的温度时空格局时,所使用的46条代用序列中的8条石笋序列。其中北半球的序列（6条）要多于南半球的序列（2条）。通过对所选石笋序列的文献检索和科学评估,认为Mann等最初选用的8条石笋序列和筛选后剩余的6条石笋序列并非都代表温度信号,其中只有两条序列是原作者认为代表温度信号的,代表降水量信号的序列要多于代表温度信号的序列。所以Mann等选用这些序列重建温度有待商榷。由于石笋代用指标本身的复杂性,其气候指示意义仍然存在争议。