Precise and Accurate In Situ Determination of Lead Isotope Ratios in NIST,USGS, MPI‐DING and CGSG Glass Reference Materials using Femtosecond Laser Ablation MC‐ICP‐MS

Lead isotope ratio data were obtained with good precision and accuracy using a 266 nm femtosecond laser ablation (fLA) system connected to a multi‐collector ICP‐MS (MC‐ICP‐MS) and through careful control of analytical procedures. The mass fractionation coefficient induced by 266 nm femtosecond laser ablation was approximately 28% lower than that by 193 nm excimer laser ablation (eLA) with helium carrier gas. The exponential law correction method for Tl normalisation with optimum adjusted Tl ratio was utilised to obtain Pb isotopic data with good precision and accuracy. The Pb isotopic ratios of the glass reference materials NIST SRM 610, 612, 614; USGS BHVO‐2G, BCR‐2G, GSD‐1G, BIR‐1G; and MPI‐DING GOR132‐G, KL2‐G, T1‐G, StHs60/80‐G, ATHO‐G and ML3B‐G were determined using fLA‐MC‐ICP‐MS. The measured Pb isotopic ratios were in good agreement with the reference or published values within 2s measurement uncertainties. We also present the first high‐precision Pb isotopic data for GSE‐1G, GSC‐1G, GSA‐1G and CGSG‐1, CGSG‐2, CGSG‐4 and CGSG‐5 glass reference materials obtained using the femtosecond laser ablation MC‐ICP‐MS analysis technique.     

Deposition and mobilization of functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes in saturated porous media: effect of grain size,flow velocity and solution chemistry

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely manufactured nanoparticles which are utilized in a number of consumer products, such as sporting goods, electronics and biomedical applications. Due to their accelerating production and use, CNTs constitute a potential environmental risk if they are released to soil and groundwater systems. It is, therefore, essential to improve the current understanding of environmental fate and transport of CNTs. The current study systematically investigated the effect of solution chemistry (pH and ionic strength) and physical conditions (collector grain size and flow rate) on the deposition and mobilization of functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using a series of column experiments under fully saturated conditions. A one-dimensional convection–dispersion model including collector efficiency for cylindrical nanoparticles was used to simulate the transport of MWCNTs in porous media. It was observed that an increase in pH resulted in increased mobility of MWCNTs. However, the transport of MWCNTs was strongly dependent on ionic strength of the background solution and a critical deposition concentration was observed between 3 and 4 mM NaCl concentration, with more than 99 % filtration of MWCNTs at 4 mM. The finer sand grains were able to filter a significant amount of MWCNTs (15 % more than coarse sand) from the inflow solution; this was likely caused by grain-to-grain straining mechanisms in the finer sand. A decrease in pore water velocity also led to more deposition of MWCNTs due to lowering of the kinetic energy of the particles. The results from this study indicated that a weak secondary minimum existed under unfavorable conditions for deposition, but the particles were trapped at both primary and secondary minimum.     

Geochemistry,and zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os geochronology of Jilongshan Cu–Au deposit,southeastern Hubei Province,China

The Jilongshan skarn Cu–Au deposit is located at the Jiurui ore cluster region in the southwestern part of the Middle–Lower Yangtze River valley metallogenic belt. The region is characterized by NW‐, NNW‐ and EW‐trending faults and the mineralization occurs at the contact of lower Triassic carbonate rocks and Jurassic granodiorite porphyry intrusions. The intrusives are characterized by SiO₂, K₂O, and Na₂O concentrations ranging from 61.66 to 67.8 wt.%, 3.29 to 5.65 wt.%, and 2.83 to 3.9 wt.%, respectively. Their A/CNK (A/CNK = n(Al₂O₃)/[n(CaO) + n(Na₂O) + n(K₂O)]) ratio, δEu, and δCe vary from 0.77 to 1.17, 0.86 to 1, and 0.88 to 0.96, respectively. The rocks show enrichment in light rare earth elements ((La/Yb)_N = 7.61–12.94) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE), and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE), such as Zr, Ti. They also display a peraluminous, high‐K calc‐alkaline signature typical of intrusives associated with skarn and porphyry Cu–Au–Mo polymetallic deposits. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) zircon U–Pb age indicates that the granodiorite porphyry formed at 151.75 ± 0.70 Ma. A few inherited zircons with older ages (677 ± 10 Ma, 848 ± 11 Ma, 2645 ± 38 Ma, and 3411 ± 36 Ma) suggest the existence of an Archaean basement beneath the Middle–Lower Yangtze River region. The temperature of crystallization of the porphyry estimated from zircon thermometer ranges from 744.3 °C to 751.5 °C, and 634.04 °C to 823.8 °C. Molybdenite Re–Os dating shows that the Jilongshan deposit formed at 150.79 ± 0.82 Ma. The metallogeny and magmatism are correlated to mantle–crust interaction, associated with the subduction of the Pacific Plate from the east. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The comparison analysis of Chinese public perception of earthquakes on different time scales

China has suffered from severe earthquake disasters in recent years. In order to explore the impact of severe earthquakes on public risk perception on different time scales, four surveys were conducted twice each after the severe Wenchuan and Yushu earthquakes. t tests were performed between two consecutive surveys to explore the change of public risk attitudes. The results demonstrated that after the two severe earthquakes, the public seismic risk acceptance has increased over time, and the comparison between pre- and post-Yushu earthquake illustrated that the severe disaster had more impact on vulnerable population such as females, children and low-income people. Moreover, linear regression models were employed to find the determining factors of public acceptance towards earthquake risks. It was discovered that the public perceived earthquake effect had significant negative relationship with seismic risk acceptance, and public trust towards local government had positive relationship with the risk acceptance. This study could help government to gain better understanding of public mental status and take more effective disaster preparedness measures when preventing and responding to a severe earthquake.     

黑龙江平顶山金矿赋矿花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

平顶山金矿床位于佳木斯地块与松嫩地块的衔接处北端,地处中亚造山带的东段。前人对该矿床的岩(矿)石物理化学特征及地质特征已进行了研究,但对与成矿密切相关的花岗岩缺乏系统的岩石学、地球化学和高精度年代学等方面的研究。本次研究通过锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年、Hf同位素示踪以及全岩的主、微量元素测试,探讨了平顶山金矿区赋矿花岗岩的源区特征、形成机制和构造背景。矿区花岗岩包括早期的浅色中粒二长花岗岩和稍晚期的细粒黑云母二长花岗岩,两期花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为271.7±2.3 Ma和249.8±3.3Ma,对应的εHf(t)为-4.17～-0.58和-4.98～-0.49,两阶段平均模式年龄tDM2分别为1432 Ma、1457Ma,原始岩浆可能来源于中元古代增生的壳源物质的重熔。两期花岗岩均以高碱(Na2O+K2O)、富Al2O3、富集LREE和LILE(Rb、Ba、Th、U和K)、低MgO、贫HREE和HFSE(Nb、Ta、P和Ti)为特征,属高钾钙碱性系列的准铝质/过铝质I型花岗岩,代表了火山弧-同碰撞环境。结合中亚造山带东段构造演化历史,我们认为平顶山金矿的花岗岩可能是古亚洲洋向北俯冲、闭合、华北克拉通与佳-蒙陆块碰撞产物。     

全球过去千年典型暖期温度空间格局重建

利用过去两千年全球变化研究网络(PAGES 2k network)最新公布的501条代用记录,重建了全球过去千年全年平均温度空间格局的演化特征,对比分析了中世纪暖期及其最暖100年与20世纪现代暖期、中世纪暖期和小冰期最暖30年与20世纪最近30年的年平均温度空间模态异同.结果显示,在世纪尺度上,现代暖期与历史上中世纪暖期的温度异常空间格局大致相同,变化幅度也在大部分区域相当,但从年代际尺度上,最近30年的升温比过去千年中世纪暖期和小冰期两个典型时期都明显.值得一提的是北大西洋中高纬度海温变化与上述特征并不相同,在年代际和世纪尺度上小冰期和中世纪暖期海温均高于20世纪.可能原因是大西洋经圈翻转环流在中世纪暖期、小冰期和20世纪现代暖期等3个特征时段对太阳辐射、火山活动和温室气体等外强迫的响应不同.     

广西国土空间格局演变特征与形成机理

国土空间格局演化与形成机理是人地系统交互关系研究的科学问题和国土空间规划的关键前提。采用地学图谱、标准差椭圆和空间自相关方法,分析2000—2018年广西国土空间格局演变特征,并运用地理探测器揭示其形成机理。结果表明：① 广西城镇空间加速挤占农业、生态空间形成了“一增双减”的面积变化特征,国土空间动态变化速度加快;② 广西国土空间相互转化频繁,转移轨迹多样性特征明显,农业空间与生态空间加速互换以及生态空间内部结构加快重组;③ 城镇空间与农业空间互竞主导了广西国土空间的迁移路径,城镇、农业空间存在“南高北低”和生态空间存在“北高南低”的集聚特征;④ 广西国土空间格局演变受自然地理与社会经济因素的共同作用影响,自然环境条件的限制作用减弱,社会经济发展水平驱动力增强,政策调控力度驱动作用深远。下一步可通过国土空间规划、调整产业布局和引导生产生活方式优化国土空间格局。     

The Remote Sensing Image Matching Algorithm Based on the Normalized Cross-Correlation and SIFT

SIFT (scale invariant feature transform) is one of the most robust and widely used image matching algorithms based on local features. However, its computational complexity is high. In order to reduce the matching time, an improved feature matching algorithm is proposed in this paper under the premise of stable registration accuracy. This paper proposed a normalized cross-correlation with SIFT combination of remote sensing image matching algorithm. The basic idea of the algorithm is performing the space geometry transformation of the input image with reference to the base image. Then the normalized cross-correlation captures the relevant part of the remote sensing images. By this way, we can reduce the matching range. So some unnecessary calculations are properly omitted. By utilizing the SIFT algorithm, we match the preprocessed remote sensing images, and get the registration points. This can shorten the matching time and improve the matching accuracy. Its robustness is increased correspondingly. The experimental results show that the proposed Normalized cross-correlation plus SIFT algorithm is more rapid than the standard SIFT algorithm while the performance is favorably compared to the standard SIFT algorithm when matching among structured scene images. The experiment results confirm the feasibility of our methods.     

面向对象的土地利用多尺度时空数据模型

文章分析了目前多尺度土地利用研究现状和面向对象时空数据模型特点,兼顾考虑多尺度土地利用数据的空间、时间和语义属性的多尺度特征,以空间维度为切入,对面向对象时空数据模型进行扩展,构建面向对象的土地利用多尺度时空数据模型.应用实践表明,该模型能够较好表达多尺度土地利用数据的时间、空间及语义属性信息,反映多尺度土地利用要素对象之间的多层次关联关系,既能够降低数据的冗余存储,又确保各要素对象之间的有机耦合.     

基于最小二乘配置的九参数模型在三维坐标转换中的应用

运用传统的布尔莎七参数法进行三维坐标转换时,并未考虑到两坐标系统的公共点坐标误差及三个坐标轴缩放比例不均的问题。引入最小二乘配置法,将公共点误差作为随机信号处理,并增加两个尺度参数解决坐标轴缩放比例不均的问题;推导出基于最小二乘配置的九参数模型及其误差方程,通过实验对比分析表明,该方法可以有效地提高坐标转换精度。