A new analytical expression for ultimate specific yield and shallow groundwater drainage

The ultimate specific yield, i.e. the specific yield under steady‐state condition, is generally dependent on the water table depth in the shallow groundwater systems. This paper presents a new expression to describe this relationship. The expression is based on the relationship between soil water content–soil depths below ground surface near the saturation zone, i.e. water content profile, which can be fitted by the van Genuchten model. Because this model is highly nonlinear, a Taylor series expansion was used to solve the integral equation for specific yield in our study. The new expression was verified by a drainage experiment, and the results demonstrated that the new expression is reliable for eolian sand when the range of water table fluctuation is less than 30 cm. The expression is easily applicable because knowledge of the water content profile near the saturation zone is the only requirement. Compared with the expression obtained from the Brooks–Corey model, the new expression can be used for a variety of aquifer and soil media. The improved accuracy of the specific yield provides a better estimate of discharge rates in shallow groundwater systems with water table fluctuations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two periods of mineralization in Xiaoxinancha Au–Cu deposit,NE China: evidences from the geology and geochronology

The Xiaoxinancha Au–Cu deposit is located at the eastern segment of the Tianshan–Xingmeng orogenic belt in northeast China. The deposit includes porphyry Au–Cu orebodies, veined Au–Cu orebodies and veined Mo mineralizations. All of them occur within the diorite intrusion. The Late Permian diorite, Late Triassic granodiorite, Early Cretaceous granite and granite porphyry are developed in the ore area. The studies on geological features show that the porphyry Au–Cu mineralization is related to the Late Permian diorite intrusion. New geochronologic data for the Xiaoxinancha porphyry Au–Cu deposit yield Permian crystallization zircon U–Pb age of 257 ± 3 Ma for the diorite that hosts the Au–Cu mineralization. Six molybdenite samples from quartz + molybdenite veins imposed on the porphyry Au–Cu orebodies yield an isochron age of 110.3 ± 1.5 Ma. The ages of the molybdenites coeval to zircon ages of the granite within the errors suggest that the Mo mineralization was genetically related to the Early Cretaceous granite intrusion. The formation of the diorite and the related Au–Cu mineralization were caused by the partial melting of the subduction slab during the Late Palaeozoic palaeo‐Asia Ocean tectonic stage. The Re contents and Re–Os isotopic data indicate that the crustal resource is dominated for the Mo mineralization during the Cretaceous extensional setting caused by the roll‐back of the palaeo‐Pacific plate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近20年中国地区云量变化趋势

利用国际卫星云气候学计划（ISCCP）最新的D2云气候资料集,给出总云量、高云量及中云量在我国地区的分布特征;分别对季节平均和年平均的时间序列进行线性趋势分析,并进行效果检验。结果表明：近20年来中国大部分地区总云量没有显著的变化趋势,但是,在华南地区和西北部分地区的总云量有增加的趋势,青藏高原中部的总云量有所减少;在不同季节,各地总云量、高云量和中云量的变化趋势是不同的。     

中国地区云光学厚度和云滴有效半径变化趋势

利用ISCCP最新的D2云气候资料集和MODIS云的资料,给出中国地区云的光学厚度和云滴有效半径的分布特征;分别对季节平均和年平均时间序列进行线性趋势分析,并进行了显著性检验。结果表明：夏季云的光学厚度和有效半径的变化趋势最显著。结合云量变化情况,可发现云滴有效半径的变化对云光学厚度的影响可能在夏季最大,也就是说,气溶胶的间接气候效应可能在夏季最强;云量、云光学厚度和云滴有效半径的变化也表明长江以南地区和青藏高原地区可能是气溶胶间接气候效应比较显著的地区。中国地区冰云光学厚度与有效直径的相关具有很强的区域特征,说明冰云的微物理机制比水云更复杂。     

A fractal model for the starting pressure gradient for Bingham fluids in porous media embedded with randomly distributed fractal-like tree networks

An analytical expression is derived for the starting pressure gradient for Bingham fluids in porous media embedded with randomly distributed fractal-like tree networks based on fractal theory and technique. The proposed model relates the flow rate and the starting pressure gradient to the structural parameters of porous media and microstructural parameters of fractal-like tree networks, the yield stress and fractal dimensions of porous media and maximum mother diameter of randomly distributed fractal-like tree networks. The results show that the starting pressure gradient decreases with the increase of porosity of matrix material, fractal dimension for mother diameters, diameter ratio and permeability, and the starting pressure gradient increases with the increase of the length ratio and the yield stress. The model predictions from the present model for the starting pressure gradient are in good agreement with the available expression.     

Paddy soil — A suitable target for monitoring heavy metal pollution by magnetic proxies

A preliminary magnetic study around Meishan steel mill in Nanjing (SE China) was carried out combining geochemical analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to prove that paddy soil can be a suitable target for environmental study on heavy metal pollution. Magnetic background investigation showed a strong variation in this area due to different land uses and soil types. Magnetic susceptibilities (MS) measured on forest soils are much higher than in paddy fields, and values below 20 cm of the soil surface in forest with parent material of Xiashu loess are several times higher than in paddy soil with parent material of fluvisol. Measurements on vertical profiles show that paddy soil has a very low and stable magnetic background with mass-specific MS around 15 × 10^{− 8} m³ kg^{− 1}. A strong enhancement of MS values is found in the upper ~ 20 cm of paddy soil predominated by multidomain and pseudo single domain magnetite. However, relatively low S-ratios (0.57 to 0.85) reveal a significant contribution of imperfect anti-ferromagnetic minerals. Detailed research on a paddy soil core at site C719 near the steel mill indicates strong correlation between magnetic mineral concentration-related parameters (χ, ARM, SIRM) and heavy metal concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn. In addition, typical anthropogenic Fe-spherules are detected in top paddy soil by means of SEM, which indicates that the increase of susceptibility in upper soil is mainly caused by steel mill emission. Mapping of MS in paddy fields across the steel mill area shows a decrease of MS with the distance to the major emission zone. Positive correlation between χ and Zn is found by measuring surface soil samples around the steel mill. Because of low background and high homogeneity of the ~ 20 cm uppermost mixing layer paddy fields are especially suitable for magnetic surface mapping of heavy metal pollution.     

科尔沁沙地1826年以来榆树树轮宽度年表的建立及降水重建

利用10个采样点230个树木年轮样本,通过树轮分析程序,建立了科尔沁沙地区域1826～2008年共计183年长度的榆树树轮宽度年表.通过分析发现,水热条件与科尔沁沙地榆树生长关系密切.以标准年表及年表t+1年和t+2年序列重建了区域1826～2006年年降水.从过去181年来看,年降水重建序列具有2年、12年、18年和...     

Green functions with pulsating sources in a two-layer fluid of finite depth

The derivation of Green function in a two-layer fluid model has been treated in different ways.In a two-layer fluid with the upper layer having a free surface,there exist two modes of waves propagating due to the free surface and the interface.This paper is concerned with the derivation of Green functions in the three dimensional case of a stationary source oscillating.The source point is located either in the upper or lower part of a two-layer fluid of finite depth.The derivation is carried out by the method of singularities.This method has an advantage in that it involves representing the potential as a sum of singularities or multipoles placed within any structures being present.Furthermore,experience shows that the systems of equations resulted from using a singularity method possess excellent convergence characteristics and only a few equations are needed to obtain accurate numerical results.Validation is done by showing that the derived two-layer Green function can be reduced to that of a single layer of finite depth or that the upper Green function coincides with that of the lower,for each case.The effect of the density on the internal waves is demonstrated.Also,it is shown how the surface and internal wave amplitudes are compared for both the wave modes.The fluid in this case is considered to be inviscid and incompressible and the flow is irrotational.     

基于STA/LTA和分形维算法的微震事件初至自动拾取方法

精确拾取微地震事件初至是微震定位的关键技术之一。根据STA/LTA和分形维数两种微地震初至拾取方法的原理,采用理论模型数据对两种初至拾取方法进行了测试,并选取不同信噪比的实际数据从初至拾取精度、算法效率两个方面进行了对比。结果表明,对于高信噪比微震事件,两种方法都能获得精度较高的初至,但对于低信噪比微震事件,分形维数与STA/LTA比较其拾取精度相对要高。鉴此,运用STA/LTA和分形维两种算法相结合的微震事件初至拾取方法,对实际数据进行了处理,实现了微震事件初至较为准确的自动拾取。     

Zircon U–Pb Age and Deformation Characteristics of the Jiama Porphyry Copper Deposit,Tibet: Implications for Relationships between Mineralization,Structure and Alteration

The Jiama copper deposit is one of the largest deposits recently found in Tibet and is composed of three types of mineralization including skarn, hornfels and porphyry. To investigate the relationship between mineralization, structure and alteration, we report new zircon U–Pb age and present field observations on the deformation characteritics associated with the copper mineralization in Jiama. Two main periods of deformation were identified, represented by D₁ and D₂ in Jiama. The first deformation (D₁) occurred around 50 Ma, whereas the second deformation (D₂) that was closely related to mineralization occurred later. Previous zircon U–Pb and molybnite Re–Os dating results indicate that the mineralizatoin occurred at ～15 Ma and thus the D₁ regional deformation significantly occurred before the mineralization time, although the D₁ deformation probably provided important space for the development of significant copper deposition. Our new mapping and observations on the D₂ deformation demonstrate that the mineralization was closely coeval with or slightly later than the time of D₂ deformation. The new U–Pb zircon age further indicates that the aplite formed in ～17.0 Ma and thus the D₂ deformation happened later than this time because the D₂ deformation cut across the aplite, which is proposed to be the key control for copper mineralization. Altered laminated hornfels including three types of alteration (A‐, K‐ and S‐type) were found spatially associated with the D₂ deformation. The type‐A is mainly silicification, with fine sericite or chlorite, as well as abundant disseminated sulphides on fracture surfaces; the type‐S is mainly fine‐grained silicification with patches of chlorite, epidote and common sulphides; the type‐K (potassic alteration) appears to be fine‐grained biotite. Such types of alteration indicate the presence of skarns at depth where ore shoots are located. Taken together, the multiple structural‐magmatic‐mineralization events contributed to the formation of the supergiant Jiama porphyry copper deposit in Tibet. The results have general implication for regional exploration.