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161.
Antonio Augusto Rossotto Ioris Carlos Teodoro Irigaray Pierre Girard 《Climatic change》2014,127(1):139-151
Climatic change is expected to have serious impacts on the Pantanal, a large tropical wetland located in the Upper Paraguay River Basin, in the centre of South America, where a range of institutional responses are being developed to mitigate and adapt to climate change. In order to examine the institutional achievements and challenges for managing the region, a specific typology is initially introduced, which comprises a schematic gradient of institutional responses. An empirical analysis was conducted in Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay, the three countries that share the Pantanal, which identified the hybrid basis of the policy framework under construction, in the sense that it actually combines elements of various institutional responses included in the proposed typology. Important factors that seem to undermine the efficacy of institutional responses in addressing climate change in the region are the strong influence of the agribusiness sector and the still relatively low importance of the Pantanal for national environmental policy-making. This essay makes a claim that the principles of climate justice should guiding policies and interventions as it they constitute the most appropriate strategy to address the inequality and unfairness related to climate change. 相似文献
162.
The REMO Ocean Data Assimilation System into HYCOM (RODAS_H): General Description and Preliminary Results
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Clemente Augusto Souza TANAJURA ;Alex Novaes SANTANA ;Davi MIGNAC ;Leonardo Nascimento LIMA ;Konstantin BELYAEV ;XIE Ji-Ping 《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):464-470
The first version of the Brazilian Oceano- graphic Modeling and Observation Network (REMO) ocean data assimilation system into the Hybrid Coordi- nate Ocean Model (HYCOM) (RODAS H) has recently been constructed for research and operational purposes. The system is based on a multivariate Ensemble Optimal Interpolation (EnOI) scheme and considers the high fre- quency variability of the model error co-variance matrix. The EnOl can assimilate sea surface temperature (SST), satellite along-track and gridded sea level anomalies (SLA), and vertical profiles of temperature (T) and salinity (S) from Argo. The first observing system experiment was carried out over the Atlantic Ocean (78°S-50°N, 100°W-20°E) with HYCOM forced with atmospheric reanalysis from 1 January to 30 June 2010. Five integra- tions were performed, including the control run without assimilation. In the other four, different observations were assimilated: SST only (A SST); Argo T-S profiles only (AArgo); along-track SLA only (A_SLA); and all data employed in the previous runs (A_All). The A_SST, A_Argo, and A_SLA runs were very effective in improv- ing the representation of the assimilated variables, but they had relatively little impact on the variables that were not assimilated. In particular, only the assimilation of S was able to reduce the deviation of S with respect to ob- servations. Overall, the A_All run produced a good analy- sis by reducing the deviation of SST, T, and S with respect to the control run by 39%, 18%, and 30%, respectively, and by increasing the correlation of SLA by 81%. 相似文献
163.
Rodrigo Augusto Bellezoni Cristiano Kenji Iwai Vagner Roberto Elis Wanderley da Silva Paganini Jorge Hamada 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(5):2429-2439
In Brazil, the large quantities of solid waste produced are out of step with public policies, technological developments, and government budgets for the division. In small municipalities, the common lack of technological knowledge and financial conditions for suitable waste disposal has resulted in a large number of illegal dumps. Therefore, small sanitary landfill facilities are working with simplified operations focusing on cost reduction and meeting the economic and technological standards of the city without endangering the environment or public health. Currently, this activity is regulated at a federal level although there is some uncertainty regarding the risk of soil and aquifer contamination as theses facilities do not employ liners. Thus, this work evaluates a small landfill to identify changes in soil and groundwater using geotechnical parameters, monitoring wells, and geophysical tests performed by electrical profiling. It is verified that based on current conditions, no contaminants have migrated via underground water aquifers, and overall no significant changes have occurred in the soil. It is concluded that, despite its simplicity, the method investigated is a viable alternative for the final disposal of municipal solid waste from small cities, especially in developing countries. 相似文献
164.
Samia?R.?GarciaEmail author Mary?T.?Kayano Alan?J.?P.?Calheiros Rita?Valéria?Andreoli Rodrigo?Augusto?Ferreira?de?Souza 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,130(1-2):233-247
The climatology of the moisture and heat budget equation terms for subareas within the South American Monsoon System (SAMS) region is investigated for the 1958–2014 period considering the distinct phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). These budget equations are applied to the data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis project. Sources or sinks of moisture and heat are equation residues, referred to as residue and diabatic terms, respectively. Analyses are done for the Central Amazon Basin (CAM) and Western-Central Brazil (WCB) for three distinct periods, 1958–1976, 1977–1995, and 1996–2014, that correspond to the cold, warm, and undefined PDO phases. The differences among the PDO phases for each term are discussed. The CAM region acts dominantly as a moisture sink and heat source in all months during the three phases. On the other hand, in the WCB region, the monsoon characteristics are better defined, with a moisture sink (source) and a heat source (sink) during the wet (dry) season. The main result of the present analysis is the persistence of SAMS intensification signs in both CAM and WCB areas up to the last analyzed period (1996–2014), which is consistent with intense flooding in the Amazon Basin in 2008/2009, 2012, and 2014. 相似文献