Determination of differential emission measure from X-ray solar spectra registered by RESIK aboard CORONAS-F

The differential emission measure (DEM) describes the temperature distribution of the emitting plasma. The DEM distribution allows one to study the physical conditions and the energy of flares in detail (including the mean temperature and the total emission measure). In this paper, we analyze the time changes of the DEM distributions for a selected flare, which has been observed with the RESIK instrument. To calculate the differential emission measure, we used the Withbroe-Sylwester (W-S) iterative algorithm corresponding to the maximum likelihood procedure. The required emission functions were calculated with the CHIANTI package. We calculated the DEM for four available estimates of the ionization equilibrium and coronal composition of plasma.     

Mercury mobility and bioavailability in soil from contaminated area

The mobility and bioavailability of mercury in the soil from the area near a plant using elemental mercury for manufacturing thermometers, areometers, glass energy switches and other articles made of technical glass has been evaluated. Mercury has been determined by sequential extraction method and with additional thermo desorption stage to determine elemental mercury. The procedure of sequential extraction involves five subsequent stages performed with the solutions of chloroform, deionized water, 0.5 M HCl, 0.2 M NaOH and aqua regia. The mean concentration of total mercury in soil was 147 ± 107 μg g⁻¹ dry mass (range 62–393), and the fractionation revealed that mercury was mainly bound to sulfides 56 ± 8% (range 45–66), one of the most biounavailable and immobile species of mercury in the environment. The fractions that brought lower contribution to the total mercury content were semi-mobile humic matter 22 ± 9% (range 11–34) and elemental mercury 17 ± 5% (range 8–23). The contributions brought by the highly mobile and toxic organomercury compounds were still lower 2.3 ± 2.7% (range 0.01–6.5). The lowest contributions brought the acid-soluble mercury 1.5 ± 1.3% (range 0.1–3.5) and water-soluble mercury 1.0 ± 0.3% (range 0.6–1.7). The surface layer of soil (0–20 cm) was characterized by higher mercury concentrations than that of the subsurface soil (60–80 cm), but the fractional contributions were comparable. The comparison of mercury fractionation results obtained in this study for highly polluted soils with results of fractionation of uncontaminated or moderately contaminated samples of soil and sediments had not shown significant statistical differences; however, in the last samples elemental mercury is usually present at very low concentrations. On the basis of obtained correlation coefficients it seems that elemental mercury soils from “Areometer” plant are contaminated; the main transformation is its vaporization to atmosphere and oxidation to divalent mercury, probably mainly mediated by organic matter, and next bound to humic matter and sulfides.     

Geochemical features of re-deposited organic matter occurring in fluvioglacial sediments in the Racibórz region (Poland): A case study

The erosion of rocks rich in organic matter typically leads to the complete mineralization of the organic material. However, in some cases, it is re-deposited to become a part of sediments once more. This process should be considered to be a part of global carbon cycle, possibly much more significant than assumed to-date. The research presented here aims to characterize re-worked organic matter occurring in post-glacial sediments of southern part of Poland, in the Oder river valley (the Racibórz town region, Miocene, Pleistocene and Holocene age). Organic substances extracted from the sediments originated from organic matter that had resided in rocks eroded by glaciers. Sediments were sampled in two boreholes which sediments were correlated. Sediments were extracted and extracts analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to assess distributions of biomarker groups. Organic matter of selected samples was pre-concentrated and analyzed with Py/GC-MS. In the extracts several biomarker parameters of source/environment and thermal maturity were calculated. Organic substances in the investigated sediments come from variable re-deposited organic matter occurring in rocks eroded by glaciers. Three main parent types of re-deposited organic material are identified showing variable geochemical features: 1) organic matter of recent or almost recent age being the source of polar labile compounds; probably formed in situ, 2) re-deposited organic matter of the middle diagenesis showing features similar to lignites (huminite reflectance Rf ~ 0.25–0.35%) deriving from angiosperm remains, mainly monocotyledons and to the lower extend also deciduous trees, 3) re-deposited organic matter at the middle catagenesis (Rf ~ 0.65–0.75%) being the source of most of aromatic hydrocarbons and biomarkers such as steranes, hopanes of the more thermally advanced distribution type. Its geochemical properties and assumed directions of sediment transport indicate bituminous coals of Upper Silesian Coal Basin together with coaly shales as a possible source of this organic matter. Such mixed origin of organic matter caused large discrepancies in values of thermal maturity parameters depending on input from the particular sources and occurrence both geochemical biomarkers and their biochemical precursors in the same samples.     

The impact of the antenna phase center models on the coordinates in the EUREF Permanent Network

GPS Solutions - Precise positioning using the signals of the Global Position System requires correcting the distance between the points of reception of the signal carrier phase and the antenna...     

Dasycladacean alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Palaeodasycladus</Emphasis> in the northern Tethys (West Carpathians,Poland) and its new palaeogeographic range during the Early Jurassic

The green alga Palaeodasycladus was recognized in Lower Jurassic shallow-marine high-energy calcarenites of the Cho? Nappe (Hronicum Domain) in the Tatra Mts in Poland. This occurrence indicates the most Northern record of Palaeodasycladus as it is known mostly from the southern part of the Western Tethys. The stratigraphic range of Palaeodasycladus (Norian, Sinemurian–Pliensbachian) and the upper Pliensbachian age of the overlying calcarenites (previous data on the basis of brachiopods) suggest that the studied part of the section was deposited during the Sinemurian–early Pliensbachian. The previous and current reports on occurrences of Palaeodasycladus allowed determination of a new northern palaeogeographic range of the shallow-marine Mediterranean biota during the Early Jurassic time.     

The exceptionally stable cobalt(III)–desferrioxamine B complex

The biogeochemistry of trivalent iron, manganese, and cobalt in the oceans is dominated by soluble complexes formed with high-affinity organic ligands that are believed to be microbial siderophores or similar biogenic chelating agents. Desferrioxamine B (DFOB), a trihydroxamate siderophore found in both terrestrial and marine environments, has served as a useful model for a large class of microbial siderophores in studies of 1:1 complexes formed with trivalent iron and manganese. However, no data exist concerning DFOB complexes with Co(III), which we hypothesize should be as strong as those with Fe(III) and Mn(III) if the current picture of the ocean biogeochemistry of the three trivalent metals is accurate. We investigated the complexation reaction between DFOB and Co(III) in aqueous solution at seawater pH using base and redox titrations, and then characterized the resulting 1:1 complex Co(III)HDFOB⁺ using X-ray absorption, resonance Raman spectroscopy, and quantum mechanical structural optimizations. We found that the complex stability constant for Co(III)HDFOB⁺ (log K _{[Co(III)HDFOB⁺]} = 37.5 ± 0.4) is in fact five and seven orders of magnitude larger than that for Fe(III)HDFOB⁺ (log K_{[Fe(III)HDFOB⁺]} = 32.02) and Mn(III)HDFOB⁺ (log K_{[Mn(III)HDFOB}⁺_] = 29.9), respectively. Spectroscopic data and the supporting theoretical structural optimizations elucidated the molecular basis for this exceptional stability. Although not definitive, our results nevertheless are consistent with the evolution of siderophores as a response by bacteria to oxygenation, not only because of sharply decreasing concentrations of Fe(III), but also of Co(III).     

How cold was it for Neanderthals moving to Central Europe during warm phases of the last glaciation?

Precise estimates of mean annual temperature (MAT) for when Neanderthals occupied Central Europe are critical for understanding the role that climatic and associated environmental factors played in Neanderthal migrations and in their ultimate extinction. Neanderthals were continuously present in the relatively warm regions of southern and Western Europe in the Pleistocene but only temporarily settled Central Europe (CE), presumably because of its colder and less hospitable climate. Here, we present a new approach for more spatially and temporally accurate estimation of palaeotemperatures based on the stable oxygen isotope composition of phosphates extracted from animal teeth found at sites linked directly to concurrent Neanderthal occupation. We provide evidence that Neanderthals migrated along the Odra Valley of CE during warmer periods throughout the Upper Pleistocene. The MATs during these migrations were about 6.8 °C for the warm phase of Oxygen Isotope Stage OIS 5a–d (prior to the OIS4 cold event) at ～115–74,000 yr BP and about 6.3 °C during the early OIS 3 warm phase ～59–41,000 yr BP. Our results show that temperatures during these phases peaked 2–4 °C above longer term estimates from ice cores and pollen records. We argue that our approach can provide valuable insights into evaluating the role of climate in human migration patterns in the Pleistocene.