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111.
Several procedures for the statistical estimation of the region-characteristic maximum possible earthquake magnitude, m
max, are currently available. This paper aims to introduce and compare the 12 existing procedures. For each of the procedures
given, there are notes on its origin, assumptions made in its derivation, condition for validity, weak and strong points,
etc. The applicability of each particular procedure is determined by the assumptions of the model and/or the available information
on seismicity of the area. 相似文献
112.
M. Siarkowski J. Sylwester G. Bromboszcs V. V. Korneev S. L. Mandelshtam S. N. Oparin A. M. Urnov I. A. Zhitnik 《Solar physics》1982,81(1):63-68
In part III of the paper containing the analysis of the INTERCOSMOS 16 ADP spectra, it is shown that by assuming the existence of a small admixture (1%) of non-thermal electrons in the active-region plasma it is possible to improve the agreement between measured and calculated fluxes for some spectra. The analysis follows the suggestion contained in the paper by Karev et al. (1980). 相似文献
113.
114.
Andrzej Woszczyna 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1983,90(1):75-78
The evolution of some vacuum spatially-flat Robertson-Walker universes filled with a massless conformally-invariant quantum field is presented in the energy density-curvature phase plane. 相似文献
115.
116.
117.
M. Siarkowski J. Sylwester J. Bąkała Ż. Szaforz M. Kowaliński Z. Kordylewski S. Płocieniak P. Podgórski B. Sylwester W. Trzebiński M. Stȩślicki K. J. H. Phillips O. V. Dudnik E. Kurbatov V. D. Kuznetsov S. Kuzin I. V. Zimovets 《Experimental Astronomy》2016,41(3):327-350
Interhelioprobe (IHP), an analogue to the ESA Solar Orbiter, is the prospective Russian space solar observatory intended for in-situ and remote sensing investigations of the Sun and the inner heliosphere from a heliocentric orbit with the perihelion of about 60 solar radii. One of several instruments on board will be the Bragg crystal spectrometer ChemiX which will measure X-ray spectra from solar corona structures. Analysis of the spectra will allow the determination of the elemental composition of plasma in hot coronal sources like flares and active regions. ChemiX is under development at the Wroc?aw Solar Physics Division of the Polish Academy of Sciences Space Research Centre in collaboration with an international team (see the co-author list). This paper gives an overview of the ChemiX scientific goals and design preparatory to phase B of the instrument development. 相似文献
118.
Consistency of seven different GNSS global ionospheric mapping techniques during one solar cycle 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David Roma-Dollase Manuel Hernández-Pajares Andrzej Krankowski Kacper Kotulak Reza Ghoddousi-Fard Yunbin Yuan Zishen Li Hongping Zhang Chuang Shi Cheng Wang Joachim Feltens Panagiotis Vergados Attila Komjathy Stefan Schaer Alberto García-Rigo José M. Gómez-Cama 《Journal of Geodesy》2018,92(6):691-706
In the context of the International GNSS Service (IGS), several IGS Ionosphere Associated Analysis Centers have developed different techniques to provide global ionospheric maps (GIMs) of vertical total electron content (VTEC) since 1998. In this paper we present a comparison of the performances of all the GIMs created in the frame of IGS. Indeed we compare the classical ones (for the ionospheric analysis centers CODE, ESA/ESOC, JPL and UPC) with the new ones (NRCAN, CAS, WHU). To assess the quality of them in fair and completely independent ways, two assessment methods are used: a direct comparison to altimeter data (VTEC-altimeter) and to the difference of slant total electron content (STEC) observed in independent ground reference stations (dSTEC-GPS). The main conclusion of this study, performed during one solar cycle, is the consistency of the results between so many different GIM techniques and implementations. 相似文献
119.
Planning the Colca Canyon and the Valley of the Volcanoes National Park in South Peru 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The economic development of the Rio Colca region and related infrastructure endangers the environment of the deepest canyon worldwide. The unique values of the Colca Valley and Canyon and its tributary Valley of the Volcanoes are summarised. They include a magnificent, deep section of the orogenic belt 100 km long, different geological formations, active faults, a variety of fold structures, young volcanoes, hot springs, geysers, several ecological zones and the largest condor habitat in the Andes. Based on the observed land use, development and regional planning, the threats and conflict areas are outlined. Studies performed by the Polish Scientific Expedition to Peru since 2003 add greatly to the knowledge of geology, landscape and pioneering biota development of the area and its importance to the world heritage of nature. They are aimed to give scientific background to the project of the Canyon Colca and Valley of the Volcanoes National Park. The article gives the proposed limits of the park and its buffer zones, categories of protection zones compatible with the SINANPE system of Peru and suggestions on tourist accessibility. The strict protection zone should cover the most inaccessible part of the area where human economic activity practically does not exist. Traditional farming and animal husbandry, wildlife, cultural tourism and some forms of adventure tourism will be allowed in the zone of special usage. The new park would strengthen the relatively poor system of the protected areas in the Arequipa Department, increase tourist attractiveness and determine constraints for sustained regional development. The expected actions of the park authority and local governments are specified. 相似文献
120.
Ewa Słaby Andrzej Domonik Michał Śmigielski Katarzyna Majzner Gediminas Motuza Jens Götze Klaus Simon Izabela Moszumańska Łukasz Kruszewski Paweł Rydelek 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2014,167(4):1-23
Tourmalinization associated with peraluminous granitic intrusions in metapelitic host-rocks has been widely recorded in the Iberian Peninsula, given the importance of tourmaline as a tracer of granite magma evolution and potential indicator of Sn-W mineralizations. In the Penamacor-Monsanto granite pluton (Central Eastern Portugal, Central Iberian Zone), tourmaline occurs: (1) as accessory phase in two-mica granitic rocks, muscovite-granites and aplites, (2) in quartz (±mica)-tourmaline rocks (tourmalinites) in several exocontact locations, and (3) as a rare detrital phase in contact zone hornfels and metapelitic host-rocks. Electron microprobe and stable isotope (δ18O, δD, δ11B) data provide clear distinctions between tourmaline populations from these different settings: (a) schorl–oxyschorl tourmalines from granitic rocks have variable foititic component (X□ = 17–57 %) and Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratios (0.19–0.50 in two-mica granitic rocks, and 0.05–0.19 in the more differentiated muscovite-granite and aplites); granitic tourmalines have constant δ18O values (12.1 ± 0.1 ‰), with wider-ranging δD (?78.2 ± 4.7 ‰) and δ11B (?10.7 to ?9.0 ‰) values; (b) vein/breccia oxyschorl [Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.31–0.44] results from late, B- and Fe-enriched magma-derived fluids and is characterized by δ18O = 12.4 ‰, δD = ?29.5 ‰, and δ11B = ?9.3 ‰, while replacement tourmalines have more dravitic compositions [Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.26–0.64], close to that of detrital tourmaline in the surrounding metapelitic rocks, and yield relatively constant δ18O values (13.1–13.3 ‰), though wider-ranging δD (?58.5 to ?36.5 ‰) and δ11B (?10.2 to ?8.8 ‰) values; and (c) detrital tourmaline in contact rocks and regional host metasediments is mainly dravite [Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.35–0.78] and oxydravite [Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.51–0.58], respectively. Boron contents of the granitic rocks are low (<650 ppm) compared to the minimum B contents normally required for tourmaline saturation in granitic melts, implying loss of B and other volatiles to the surrounding host-rocks during the late-magmatic stages. This process was responsible for tourmalinization at the exocontact of the Penamacor-Monsanto pluton, either as direct tourmaline precipitation in cavities and fractures crossing the pluton margin (vein/breccia tourmalinites), or as replacement of mafic minerals (chlorite or biotite) in the host-rocks (replacement tourmalinites) along the exocontact of the granite. Thermometry based on 18O equilibrium fractionation between tourmaline and fluid indicates that a late, B-enriched magmatic aqueous fluid (av. δ18O ~12.1 ‰, at ~600 °C) precipitated the vein/breccia tourmaline (δ18O ~12.4 ‰) at ~500–550 °C, and later interacted with the cooler surrounding host-rocks to produce tourmaline at lower temperatures (400–450 °C), and an average δ18O ~13.2 ‰, closer to the values for the host-rock. Although B-metasomatism associated with some granitic plutons in the Iberian Peninsula seems to be relatively confined in space, extending integrated studies such as this to a larger number of granitic plutons may afford us a better understanding of Variscan magmatism and related mineralizations. 相似文献