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531.
Summary A time series and extreme value analysis of maximum precipitation for distinct time intervals from 10 minutes to 1 day have been deduced for the observatory Zagreb-Gri ( = 45°49 and = 15°59,H s = 157 m) for the period between 1908 and 1985. The Spearman rank correlation test revealed that the short-term precipitation maxima series for the time intervals of 10 to 30 minutes and 8 to 24 hours indicate no significant trend for the 95 percent probability level. The 40-minute to 4-hour precipitation maxima exhibited an increaese in recent time. Annual maximumt-minute precipitation was estimated using the Gumbel distribution for sets of data gradually prolonged with 10-year steps towards the past. The ratios (q) of maximum precipitation estimates for the shorter periods and of estimates for the reference period (1908–1985) have been calculated. Their positions according to the confidence interval on the reference estimates were determined. Confident extreme value estimates could be obtained using at least the 50–60 year data series.With 3 Figures  相似文献   
532.
533.
Supplier selection is a complex task which assumes decision making in presence of many conflicting criteria and various parameters. If there are more than one decision maker, the problem shifts into a group context and it requires proper approach in mediating the decision making process and use of supporting multi-criteria methods and tools. This paper proposes group decision making approach for supplier selection based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) that is combined with consensus convergence model, and two voting methods, non-preferential approval voting and preferential Borda count. Proposed approach utilized strengths of these methods thus enabling their adaption to the specific decision problem of supplier selection. An example of selecting a supplier of irrigation equipment in the company engaged in projecting, installing and maintenance of irrigation systems is used to explain and demonstrate how proposed approach can be implemented. Furthermore, this approach is viable as sufficiently general in supporting different selection processes in a field of water planning, management, and development and it can be adapted and applied on various group decision making problems.  相似文献   
534.
535.
The aim of this work is assessment of regional atmospheric influence on satellite derivation of Adriatic Sea surface temperature (SST). To this end the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) ERA-40 reanalysis dataset has been employed to provide the temperature and humidity profiles and surface data, while the RTTOV 8.7 radiative transfer model was used to calculate the top-of-atmosphere brightness temperatures for the advanced very high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) channels. Ten ERA-40 grid points over the Adriatic Sea were used in the analysis, providing 29,590, 00 UTC and 12 UTC, clear-sky profiles. Climatological analysis of the ERA-40 profiles demonstrated distinct seasonal variability over the Adriatic Sea. Seasonality noted in the temperature and specific humidity profiles also evinced in the atmospheric transmittance, thermal channels temperature deficit, and derived γ and ρ parameters. A multivariate analysis was applied to relate the simulated top-of-atmosphere brightness temperatures to the Adriatic SSTs in order to generate exploratory sets of SST retrieval coefficients. All derived coefficient sets exhibited smaller noise amplification factor than the global counterpart. A test comparison of satellite-derived SST with an 11-month in situ SST series showed than locally derived coefficients provide smaller scatter (improved precision), and skin-centred bias that requires additional adjustment. Almost identical SST residual and error metric was obtained with seasonally adjusted classical split-window coefficients and with coefficients explicitly accommodating water-vapor dependence. Comparison with data reinforces the notion that the atmosphere over the Adriatic may exhibit variability that cannot be fully accommodated by globally adjusted correction.  相似文献   
536.
Summary The three-dimensional cloud-resolving mesoscale model is used to simulate an individual Cb cloud in condition of real orography. We have conducted our numerical experiments over an area known as hail bearing clouds source. Once formed such clouds regenerate and propagate along the valley if the shallow layer of strong wind shear exists. The orographic effects on model Cb cloud are recognized through comparison of simulated cloud characteristics with those calculated for the flat terrain. Sensitivity experiments with respect to the wind shear layer depth are also conducted.Our results demonstrate the model capability to simulate well some observational Cb cloud characteristics. It is shown that the river valley is of essential importance for Cb cloud development. The most prominent features of the model cloud in this case are as follows: fast propagation along the river valley; considerable depth of the cold air nose with pronounced pulsation mechanism and intense cell regeneration at the leading edge of cold air outflow. Model and observed radar reflectivities in the vertical cross-section are in agreement. Some characteristics of surface cumulative rain precipitation are also well reproduced by the model. In contrast with the real orography case, the model cloud is more intense and it propagates freely in lateral direction for the flat terrain. The cell regeneration associated with forced updraft above the cold air nose is not pronounced in contrast with earlier considerations. Reflectivity pattern near the ground, having mainly bat-like wings, encircles much larger area with altitude compared to the case of real orography. Finally, the model cloud characteristics depend strongly on shear layer.Received June 2002; revised August 22, 2002; accepted October 1, 2002 Published online: April 10, 2003  相似文献   
537.
The surface energy budget components from two simulations of the regional climate model RegCM4.2 over the European/North African domain during the period 1989–2005 are analysed. The simulations differ in specified boundary forcings which were obtained from ERA-Interim reanalysis and the HadGEM2-ES Earth system model. Surface radiative and turbulent fluxes are compared against ERA-Interim. Errors in surface radiative fluxes are derived with respect to the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment/Surface Radiation Budget satellite-based products. In both space and time, we find a high degree of realism in the RegCM surface energy budget components, but some substantial errors and differences between the two simulations are also present. The most prominent error is an overestimation of the net surface shortwave radiation flux of more than 50 W/m2 over central and southeastern Europe during summer months. This error strongly correlates with errors in the representation of total cloud cover, and less strongly with errors in surface albedo. During other seasons, the amplitude of the surface energy budget components is more in line with reference datasets. The errors may limit the usefulness of RegCM simulations in applications (e.g. high-quality simulation-driven impact studies). However, by using a simple diagnostic model for error interpretation, we suggest potential sensitivity studies aiming to reduce the underestimation of cloud cover and overestimation of shortwave radiation flux.  相似文献   
538.
The paper presents the automatic time recording of transits of the image of a star across the hairs in the visual field of a telescope and the automatic reception of radio time signals for the determination of astronomical latitude and longitude of a station using an astrolabe. The automatization was achieved by an electronic calculator Hewlett Packard HP41CX and an especially constructed relay. The method proved very practical in the course of making the network of geoidal points more dense for the needs of geodesy.  相似文献   
539.
This study demonstrates the usefulness of cellular energy allocation (CEA) evaluations as a physiological biomarker to infer the occurrence of natural stress in native populations of mussels inhabiting the stratified estuary (Krka River estuary, Croatia). Sampling sites were selected based on their differences in the salinity and temperature. The CEA value was calculated as a ratio between available energy (Ea) and energy consumption (Ec). Generally, higher values of Ea were recorded in June than in November, which were especially evident in the storage components (carbohydrates and lipids), while the constitutive component (proteins) remained relatively constant. The highest Ec was recorded in mussels at estuarine site compared to coastal site, which may be caused by the energetically costly maintenance of osmotic balance. Decrease in CEA recorded in estuarine mussels may ultimately result in a lower amount of energy available for growth, reproduction, or defence against other stresses (e.g. pollution).  相似文献   
540.
The Petrova and Trgovska Gora Mts. (Gora=Mountain) are Variscan basement units incorporated into the northwestern Dinarides during the Alpine orogeny. They host numerous siderite-quartz-polysulphide, siderite-chalcopyrite, siderite-galena and barite veins, as well as stratabound hydrothermal-replacement ankerite bodies within carbonates in non-metamorphosed, flysch-like Permo-Carboniferous sequences. The deposits have been mined for Cu, Pb, Ag and Fe ores since Medieval times. Fluid inclusion studies of quartz from siderite-polysulphide-quartz and barite veins of both regions have shown the presence of primary aqueous NaCl?CaCl2±MgCl2?H2O±CO2 inclusions. The quartz-sulphide stage of both regions show variable salinities; 2.7–26.2 wt% NaCl eq. for the Trgovska Gora region and 3.4–23.4 wt% NaCl eq. for the Petrova gora region, and similar homogenisation temperatures (100–230°C). Finally, barite is precipitated from low salinity-low temperature solutions (3.7–15.8 wt % NaCl equ. and 115–145°C). P-t conditions estimated via isochore construction yield formation temperatures between 180–250°C for the quartz-sulphide stage and 160–180°C for the barite stage, using a maximum lithostatic pressure of 1 kbar (cc. 3 km of overburden). The sulphur isotope composition of barite from both deposits indicates the involvement of Permian seawater in ore fluids. This is supported by the elevated bromium content of the fluid inclusion leachates (120–660 ppm in quartz, 420–960 ppm in barite) with respect to the seawater, indicating evaporated seawater as the major portion of the ore-forming fluids. Variable sulphur isotope compositions of galena, pyrite and chalcopyrite, between ?3.2 and +2.7‰, are interpreted as a product of incomplete thermal reduction of the Permian marine sulphate mixed with organically- and pyrite-bound sulphur from the host sedimentary rocks. Ore-forming fluids are interpreted as deep-circulating fluids derived primarily from evaporated Permian seawater and later modified by interaction with the Variscan basement rocks. 40Ar/39Ar data of the detrital mica from the host rocks yielded the Variscan age overprinted by an Early Permian tectonothermal event dated at 266–274 Ma. These ages are interpreted as those reflecting hydrothermal activity correlated with an incipient intracontinental rifting in the Tethyan domain. Nevertheless, 75 Ma recorded at a fine-grained sericite sample from the alteration zone is interpreted as a result of later resetting of white mica during Campanian opening/closure of the Sava back arc in the neighbouring Sava suture zone (Ustaszewski et al. 2008).  相似文献   
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