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991.
This article reports on an empirical study of the trends and patterns of research activities in Geographic Information Science (GIScience) during the years 1997–2007. The GIScience research priorities identified by the University Consortium of Geographic Information Science (UCGIS) were used as guidelines to examine the 985 research articles published in six well‐recognized academic journals. Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) was employed to investigate the association among the different GIScience research themes. The spatial and temporal patterns of the association between the publications and the different GIScience themes were examined to show the development of GIScience research during the study period. Furthermore, correlation analyses between the publications were conducted following the LSA results to reveal GIScience research networks, including the networks of the published articles and those formed by the research places. In this article, we applied an approach that was developed within information science to depict what GIS research activities were conducted when and where and how they connect to each other through sharing common research themes. The related findings pave the way for future efforts to describe the paradigm of GIScience as well as the pattern of GIScience research. 相似文献
992.
Elizabeth J. Petrie Matt A. King Philip Moore David A. Lavallée 《Journal of Geodesy》2010,84(8):491-499
This study provides a first attempt at quantifying potential signal bending effects on the GPS reference frame, coordinates
and zenith tropospheric delays (ZTDs). To do this, we homogeneously reanalysed data from a global network of GPS sites spanning
14 years (1995.0–2009.0). Satellite, Earth orientation, tropospheric and ground station coordinate parameters were all estimated.
We tested the effect of geometric bending and dTEC bending corrections, which were modelled at the observation level based,
in part, on parameters from the International Reference Ionosphere 2007 model. Combined, the two bending corrections appear
to have a minimal effect on site coordinates and ZTDs except for low latitude sites. Considering five days (DOY 301–305, 28
October–1 November 2001) near ionospheric maximum in detail, they affect mean ZTDs by up to ~1.7 mm at low latitudes, reducing
to negligible levels at high latitudes. Examining the effect on coordinates in terms of power-spectra revealed the difference
to be almost entirely white noise, with noise amplitude ranging from 0.3 mm (high latitudes) to 2.4 mm (low latitudes). The
limited effect on station coordinates is probably due to the similarity in the elevation dependence of the bending term with
that of tropospheric mapping functions. The smoothed z-translation from the GPS reference frame to ITRF2005 changes by less than 2 mm, though the effect combines positively with
that from the second order ionospheric refractive index term. We conclude that, at the present time, and for most practical
purposes, the geometric and dTEC bending corrections are probably negligible at current GPS/reference frame precisions. 相似文献
993.
In the past researchers have suggested hard classification approaches for pure pixel remote sensing data and to handle mixed
pixels soft classification approaches have been studied for land cover mapping. In this research work, while selecting fuzzy
c-means (FCM) as a base soft classifier entropy parameter has been added. For this research work Resourcesat-1 (IRS-P6) datasets
from AWIFS, LISSIII and LISS-IV sensors of same date have been used. AWIFS and LISS-III datasets have been used for classification
and LISS-III and LISS-IV data were used for reference data generation, respectively. Soft classified outputs from entropy
based FCM classifiers for AWIFS and LISS-III datasets have been evaluated using sub-pixel confusion uncertainty matrix (SCM).
It has been observed that output from FCM classifier has higher classification accuracy with higher uncertainty but entropy-based
classifier with optimum value of regularizing parameter generates classified output with minimum uncertainty. 相似文献
994.
Kinematic precise point positioning at remote marine platforms 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6
Precise kinematic differential positioning using the global positioning system (GPS) at a marine platform usually requires
a relatively short distance (e.g. <500 km) to a land-based reference station. As an alternative, precise point positioning
(PPP) is normally considered free from this limiting requirement. However, due to the prerequisite of network-based satellite
products, PPP at a remote marine platform may still be affected by its distance to the reference network. Hence, this paper
investigates this scenario by configuring rings of reference stations with different radii centered on a to-be-positioned
marine platform. Particularly, we applied ambiguity resolution at a single station to PPP by estimating uncalibrated phase
delays (UPDs). We used three rings of reference stations centered on a vessel, with radii of roughly 900, 2,000 and 3,600 km,
to determine satellite clocks and UPDs independently. For comparison, we also performed differential positioning based on
a single reference station with baseline lengths of about 400, 1,700 and 2,800 km. We demonstrate that, despite the increasing
ring-network radius to a few 1,000 km, the overall change in accuracy of the satellite clocks that are used at the vessel
is smaller than 0.02 ns, and the RMS values of differences between the three sets of narrow-lane UPD estimates are around
0.05 cycles only. Moreover, the kinematic positioning accuracy of PPP is affected by the increasing ring-network radius, but
can still achieve several centimeters after ambiguity resolution when the vessel is over a few 1,000 km away from the ring
network, showing better performance than that of differential positioning. Therefore, we propose that ambiguity-fixed PPP
can be used at remote marine platforms that support precise oceanographic and geophysical applications in open oceans. 相似文献
995.
Pavagada taluk of Tumkur district in Karnataka is one of the most backward taluks receiving less than 500 mm annual rainfall.
The maximum area of the taluk is under monocropping, reasons for the same were not documented well. The present study was
carried out using remote sensing data along with field survey and laboratory analysis for assessing the potentials and limitations
of soil. Using the basic information on soil, climate and topography based on the matching exercise between the growth and
production requirements of the crop, suitability of soils for groundnut, paddy and finger millet was assessed as per FAO land
evaluation. The soil suitability maps were prepared using Arc GIS software. About 48 per cent of the total area was moderate
to marginally suitable and 13 per cent of the area was not suitable for both groundnut and finger millet. Lowland areas covering
12 per cent of the area was highly suitable, 15 per cent was moderate to marginally suitable and 20 per cent was not suitable
for paddy cultivation. 相似文献
996.
R. Sridhar T. Thangaradjou L. Kannan S. Astalakshmi 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2010,38(3):565-575
Coastal resources viz., coral reefs, seagrasses, mangroves, and coastal land features viz., sandy beach, mudflats and salt
pan/aquaculture ponds were classified and assessed in the Palk Bay region of the south-east coast of India using IRS LISS
III satellite image (1996, 2000, 2002 and 2004). The study recorded an areal coverage of 286.95 ha of reef area during 2004,
which is 177.54 ha lesser than that of the reef area of 1996. The reef vegetation composed mainly of seaweeds has gained over
29.44 ha during the same period. Likewise, sand over reef area has also increased alarmingly i.e. 120.34 ha between 1996 and
2004. The seagrass beds of Munaikkadu region of the Palk Bay are comparatively protected and have gained over 7.5 ha between
1996 and 2004. It has been found that both the dense (2.99 ha) and sparse (36.45 ha) mangroves have gained their areal coverage
considerably between 1996 and 2004. Whereas in Devipattinam region, many anthropogenic pressures are exerted only on the seagrass
resources which has led to the reduction of over 785.5 ha of dense seagrass beds between 1996 and 2004. The study clearly
indicated that the resources are under the pressures of low to high threats, especially the coral reefs and seagrasses, if
the pressures continue, coastal resources of the Palk Bay may face serious threats of destruction in this part of the Bay
in the years to come. 相似文献
997.
A geodetic boundary value problem (GBVP) approach has been formulated which can be used for solving the problem of height
datum unification. The developed technique is applied to a test area in Southwest Finland with approximate size of 1.5° ×
3° and the bias of the corresponding local height datum (local geoid) with respect to the geoid is computed. For this purpose
the bias-free potential difference and gravity difference observations of the test area are used and the offset (bias) of
the height datum, i.e., Finnish Height Datum 2000 (N2000) fixed to Normaal Amsterdams Peil (NAP) as origin point, with respect
to the geoid is computed. The results of this computation show that potential of the origin point of N2000, i.e., NAP, is
(62636857.68 ± 0.5) (m2/s2) and as such is (0.191 ± 0.003) (m) under the geoid defined by W
0 = 62636855.8 (m2/s2). As the validity test of our methodology, the test area is divided into two parts and the corresponding potential difference
and gravity difference observations are introduced into our GBVP separately and the bias of height datums of the two parts
are computed with respect to the geoid. Obtaining approximately the same bias values for the height datums of the two parts
being part of one height datum with one origin point proves the validity of our approach. Besides, the latter test shows the
capability of our methodology for patch-wise application. 相似文献
998.
F.J. Colomer Mendoza A. Ferrer Gisbert A. Gallardo Izquierdo M.D. Bovea 《Engineering Geology》2009,105(3-4):231-238
Homogeneous earth dams that are waterproofed with geomembranes are a suitable option for storing water and other sorts of liquids, like leachates from landfills. Such dams do not require complicated engineering technical calculations, their cost is usually low and they are not difficult to construct. To ensure the geotechnical safety of the dam, the slopes of the embankment must be correctly designed and constructed. This paper provides a set of nomograms which allow the user to get the safety factor of the slopes immediately. In some cases, it is only necessary to know previously the material classification according to the Unified Soil Classifications System. From this information it can be determined whether the material is appropriate or not. If the material classification is not available, geotechnical data of the material used in the construction of the embankment are needed. Examples of the application of nomograms are presented. Secondly, the paper includes a set of equations to calculate quickly the safety factor of a slope of earth upper than 7.5 m height. 相似文献
999.
Bovolo F. Bruzzone L. Capobianco L. Garzelli A. Marchesi S. Nencini S. 《Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, IEEE》2010,7(1):53-57
1000.
Assessment of the LandStar Real-Time DGPS Service under Several Operational Conditions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
LandStar is a differential global positioning service (DGPS) that provides 24-h real-time positioning for various applications
on land, water, and air in North America, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, and Africa. Its focus is on real-time applications
requiring a submeter positioning capability such as agriculture, forestry, Geospatial Information Systems (GIS), survey/mapping,
and land/vehicular navigation. LandStar uses a Wide Area Network of reference stations to derive DGPS corrections to model
the variation of GPS error sources over a large area. These model parameters are used by the Virtual Reference Station processors
to calculate standard corrections that are available for all predefined locations in the network. The corrections are transmitted
to the user by L-band satellite communication in the standard RTCM SC104 DGPS correction format. This article investigates
the performance of the LandStar Mk III system under various operational conditions and assesses its performance in both static
and kinematic modes. Four field tests were conducted during 12 months that tested the sysem in clear static and kinematic
conditions as well as suboptimal environments associated with low and heavy foliage conditions. Both the accuracy and availability
of the system under these conditions is investigated, with an emphasis on whether the above variables are caused by the LandStar
system differential corrections, the GPS measurements, or a combination of both. ? 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献