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881.
L. Moreno J. J. Durán M. A. Casermeiro J. R. Quintana Ma A. Fernández 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(3):465-477
Over a period of 4 years and 4 months, the geopurification installations at Dehesas de Guadix (Granada, Spain) were monitored
to determine the impact on soil and groundwater of the controlled discharge of urban wastewater, and also to identify the
best indicators of the entry of the recharged water into the aquifer. The installations are located in an area where the climate
is Mediterranean sub-arid, with an average precipitation of less than 287 mm/year, and a rate of evapotranspiration that is
almost three times greater. The system was controlled by determining the balance of majority nutrients and boron in the soil
and in the groundwater, both at the points affected directly by the wastewater discharge and at others. The quantity of mass
discharged was relatively large (COD 14,656 g/m2, NO3 85 g/m2, NO2 4 g/m2, NH4 2,425 g/m2, PO4 1,143 g/m2, K 1,531 g/m2, B 63 g/m2). It was observed that the elimination of nutrients within the soil (COD 97.5%, PO4 94.4%, K 59.17%, N
total 18.8%, B 12.69%) was very efficient except for the nitrogen, which nevertheless did not reach the groundwater, as it was
eliminated at deep levels of the unsaturated zone. Only 12.69% of the boron was removed, and appreciable, increasing amounts
of this element did reach the groundwater. Unexpectedly, none of the majority nutrients behaved as a reliable indicator of
the impact on groundwater; despite this, the boron and the bicarbonate did clearly reflect the arrival of the recharged water,
and are proposed as the best indicators. 相似文献
882.
Doline probability map using logistic regression and GIS technology in the central Ebro Basin (Spain) 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
In the surroundings of Zaragoza, karstification processes are especially intense in covered karst areas where fluvial terraces
lie directly on Tertiary evaporites. Since the beginning of Quaternary, these processes have lead to the development of collapse
and subsidence dolines with a wide range of sizes, which have significant economic impacts. To reduce economic impact and
increase safety, a regional analysis of this phenomenon is needed for spatial management. Therefore, a probability map of
dolines was developed using logistic regression and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. This paper covers the
selection of input data, manipulation of data using the GIS technology, and the use of logistic regression to generate a doline
probability map. The primary variable in the doline development in this area is geomorphology, represented by the location
of endorheic areas and different terrace levels. Secondary variables are the presence of irrigation and the water table gradient. 相似文献
883.
Phosphorus transport in shallow groundwater in peri-urban Kampala, Uganda: results from field and laboratory measurements 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To understand Phosphorus (P) sources and transport processes in the subsurface in Bwaise III Parish, Kampala, P attenuation
and adsorption capacities of soils were studied in situ and from laboratory measurements. Relationships between sorption parameters
and soil matrix properties, rates and mechanism of the adsorption process and soil P fractions were also investigated. P was
generally higher in the wet than the dry season, but for both seasons, the maximum was 5 mgP/l. P transport mechanisms appeared
to be a combination of adsorption, precipitation, leaching from the soil media and by colloids with the latter two playing
an important role in the wet season. The sorption process comprised two phases with the first stage rate constants being about
fourfold those of the second stage. The Langmuir isotherm described the sorption data well (R
2 ≥ 0.95) with the second soil layer exhibiting the highest sorption maximum (C
max) (average value 0.6 ± 0.17 mgP/gDW). The best prediction of C
max had organic carbon, Ca, available P and soil pH. Residual P consisting mostly of organics was the main fraction in all the
layers followed by inorganic HCl-P and NaOH-P in the top and middle layers, respectively. Loosely bound P (NH4Cl-P) was the least fraction (<0.4% of total P) in all layers indicating the high binding capacity of P by the soils. The
study results suggest that P dynamics is related to Ca, Fe and organic carbon content of the soils. 相似文献
884.
We propose a simple pressure test that can be used in the field to determine the effective permeability of existing wellbores.
Such tests are motivated by the need to understand and quantify leakage risks associated with geological storage of CO2 in mature sedimentary basins. If CO2 is injected into a deep geological formation, and the resulting CO2 plume encounters a wellbore, leakage may occur through various pathways in the “disturbed zone” surrounding the well casing.
The effective permeability of this composite zone, on the outside of the well casing, is an important parameter for models
of leakage. However, the data that exist on this key parameter do not exist in the open literature, and therefore specific
field tests need to be done in order to reduce the uncertainty inherent in the leakage estimates. The test designed and analyzed
herein is designed to measure effective wellbore permeability within a low-permeability caprock, bounded above and below by
permeable reservoirs, by pressurizing the reservoir below and measuring the response in the reservoir above. Alternatively,
a modified test can be performed within the caprock without directly contacting the reservoirs above and below. We use numerical
simulation to relate pressure response to effective well permeability and then evaluate the range of detection of the effective
permeability based on instrument measurement error and limits on fracture pressure. These results can guide field experiments
associated with site characterization and leakage analysis. 相似文献
885.
There exist a number of landslides along the north Anatolian fault zone (NAFZ) between Tasova and Alparslan in Amasya province
in Turkey. These landslides extending over an area of 2.5 × 6.0 km are triggered by steepening of slopes due to undercutting
by the Yesilirmak River and groundwater fluctuations. The landslides have affected 30 buildings in the western part of Tasova.
In this study, in order to investigate the engineering geological characteristics of the landslides and their environmental
impacts, representative samples from geological units were collected and a total of six boreholes were drilled. Plastic pipes
were installed into the boreholes to measure the groundwater fluctuations and to determine the position of the sliding surface.
For a two-year monitoring period, using a GPS linked to a fixed station system, the magnitude of the movements ranged between
11.7 and 17.6 cm at the toe of landslide. The landslides that occurred in the study area were in the form of retrogressive
circular and multiple circular failures. The factor of safety along a number of cross-sections calculated by the limit-equilibrium
method of analysis is 0.96 in static condition. After further analyses, construction of a toe buttress with surface drainage
may be suggested as a remedial measure to minimize the effects of these landslides. 相似文献
886.
J. L. Simón M. A. Soriano L. E. Arlegui J. Gracia C. L. Liesa A. Pocoví 《Environmental Geology》2008,53(5):1057-1065
Space and time variations of alluvial karst subsidence in the central Ebro Basin are analysed in trenches (paleodolines),
aerial photographs (historical dolines) and field surveys (present-day active dolines). The measured subsidence rates, as
well as a comparison between densities of paleodolines computed in randomly selected scan-lines and density of active dolines
computed in maps, suggest that present-day subsidence in favourable areas is more intense than that of Pleistocene times.
According to diachronic maps drawn from (a) different aerial photographs taken after 1946 and (b) field surveys on deformations
in urbanized areas, subsidence behaved as a nearly steady process while the whole area was used for agriculture. In contrast,
rapid changes (through periods of several tens of years) have occurred in urbanized areas, in which dolines expand their boundaries
through small marginal collapses, shifting sharply their sinking centres to neighbouring sites. These rapid changes do not
have an equivalent in observed paleodolines. 相似文献
887.
Zaragoza city is located in the central Ebro Basin, in the Iberian Peninsula. The fluvial terraces formed by the Ebro River
present a valuable resource of sand and gravel deposits. However, taking advantage of these available resources implies conflicts
with other land use interests like urban and industrial development as well as agricultural use, which has also traditionally
occupied the alluvial terraces. These deposits represent a substantial groundwater resource that should be preserved for future
generations. The development of spatial decision support systems (SDSS) has greatly assisted efforts for solving land-use
conflicts. These systems combine the benefits of geographic information systems (GIS) and decision support methodologies and
are therefore suitable to manage sustainable development of urban areas. In this contribution, an extraction suitability map
taking into consideration a variety of environmental criteria is created with the help of a SDSS. The method used is the analytical
hierarchy process which is integrated in ArcGIS. Areas most suitable to sand and gravel extraction are located in the high
terraces, and in those terraces covered by pediments where the thickness of resource is relatively high. These areas are far
from valuable natural areas, outside areas most vulnerable to groundwater contamination, and beneath soils with poor irrigation
characteristics. 相似文献
888.
Quick-look assessments to identify optimal CO2 EOR storage sites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vanessa Núñez-López Mark H. Holtz Derek J. Wood William A. Ambrose Susan D. Hovorka 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(8):1695-1706
A newly developed, multistage quick-look methodology allows for the efficient screening of an unmanageably large number of
reservoirs to generate a workable set of sites that closely match the requirements for optimal CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) storage. The objective of the study is to quickly identify miscible CO2 EOR candidates in areas that contain thousands of reservoirs and to estimate additional oil recovery and sequestration capacities
of selected top options through dimensionless modeling and reservoir characterization. Quick-look assessments indicate that
the CO2 EOR resource potential along the US Gulf Coast is 4.7 billion barrels, and CO2 sequestration capacity is 2.6 billion metric tons. In the first stage, oil reservoirs are screened and ranked in terms of
technical and practical feasibility for miscible CO2 EOR. The second stage provides quick estimates of CO2 EOR potential and sequestration capacities. In the third stage, a dimensionless group model is applied to a selected set
of sites to improve the estimates of oil recovery and storage potential using appropriate inputs for rock and fluid properties,
disregarding reservoir architecture and sweep design. The fourth stage validates and refines the results by simulating flow
in a model that describes the internal architecture and fluid distribution in the reservoir. The stated approach both saves
time and allows more resources to be applied to the best candidate sites. 相似文献
889.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a sufficiently high residual salt load in the dry sediments of
the St Lucia Estuary to cause salinity problems should it later fill up with either freshwater or seawater. The estuary lakes
have suffered the effects of a severe drought since 2002 with the result that many areas were dry, and the salinity of the
residual water varied between 4 psu and up to five times that of seawater. Measurements of the salts content in the sediments
to a depth of 20 cm showed that more than 2 million tonnes of salt was held in this layer of the sediment in 2006. Recent
management of the estuary (since 1970) has ensured that the mouth was not artificially opened. This was to prevent the inflow
of seawater, with its salts, that would otherwise enter while the drought was in place. The results of the sediment salinity
data showed that if the drought had been broken and the lake area filled with rain and river water, the resulting salinity
would be about 6 psu. In March 2007, Cyclone Gamede in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of South Africa produced a wave
climate at sea that resulted in the mouth breaching; thus introducing an estimated 12 million tonnes of salts. The high salinity
in the system resulting from this breach is expected to have an adverse effect on the ecology of the system, whereas the residual
salinity in the sediments would not have caused an environmental problem. If the estuary and lake system were to fill completely
with seawater, the residual salts together with seawater will raise the salinity to an initial value higher than 40 psu, which
will have the effect of suppressing much of the important submerged vegetation that is vital for sustaining juvenile fish
in the system. Many of the large fauna will also suffer from a shortage of freshwater. 相似文献
890.
R. K. Prasad N. C. Mondal Pallavi Banerjee M. V. Nandakumar V. S. Singh 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(3):467-475
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System has become one of the leading tools in the field of hydrogeological science,
which helps in assessing, monitoring and conserving groundwater resources. It allows manipulation and analysis of individual
layer of spatial data. It is used for analysing and modelling the interrelationship between the layers. This paper mainly
deals with the integrated approach of Remote Sensing and geographical information system (GIS) to delineate groundwater potential
zones in hard rock terrain. The remotely sensed data at the scale of 1:50,000 and topographical information from available
maps, have been used for the preparation of ground water prospective map by integrating geology, geomorphology, slope, drainage-density
and lineaments map of the study area. Further, the data on yield of aquifer, as observed from existing bore wells in the area,
has been used to validate the groundwater potential map. The final result depicts the favourable prospective zones in the
study area and can be helpful in better planning and management of groundwater resources especially in hard rock terrains. 相似文献