THE FLOODS AND DROUGHTS OF THE LOWER YANGTZE VALLEY AND THEIR PREDICTIONS

During Ching dynasty from 1644 to 1911, an interval of 268 years, there occurred in the lower Yangtze valley 197 floods and 156 droughts. The most serious droughts came in 1785, 1814, and 1856; and the most disastrous floods in 1680, 1823     

Quantitative morphometric analysis of the Jama River profile in a tectonically active margin (Northwestern Ecuador)

The longitudinal profile of a river channel can be described in function of mathematical expressions. The logarithmic fit is the most used method to describe the relative equilibrium of a channel elevation profile. Rivers showing zones of high channel gradient and convex-upward profiles can be evaluated in function of the offset distance with respect to the logarithmic curve. The Jama River profile has been constructed using differential GPS data for the downstream reach and 4-m-grid DEM data base for the remaining headward profile. The resulting longitudinal profile shows a prominent knickpoint of about 80 m in elevation characterized by sharp local convexity. The offset distance in vertical direction from the logarithmic plot is interpreted as the successive accumulation of multiple uplift episodes associated with the Jama Fault System activity. The horizontal offset is suggested to represent the remaining retreated distance for the upstream propagation of the Jama knickpoint. The highly resistant Cretaceous rocks outcropping along the Jama knickpoint reach acts as an inflection point between two subprofiles that show well-fitted logarithmic curves, thereby representing a temporary partitioned equilibrium along the Jama River profile.     

温室内CO_2浓度的计算机控制及其在估算作物光合作用中的应用

本文介绍一个监测并控制五个玻璃试验温室内CO_2浓度的计算机自动控制系统。在计算机控制下,通过一个CO_2测定系统向每个温室输入纯CO_2气体,使其内部CO_2浓度与室外保持相等(CO_2浓度由红外气体分析仪测定)。在CO_2浓度测定的间隔期间,温室所需要的CO_2输入速率根据通风速率、未来的和现时的CO_2浓度计算确定。通过预先用N_2O气体跟踪确定的风机定位状态和风速的关系计算通风率。通过放在地面上的容器内获得的碳酸盐的重量观测土壤呼吸。在其它CO_2通量已确定后,用其剩余额估算作物净光合作用。该系统很可靠,且已在许多热带作物净光合作用的光响应特征曲线研究中得到应用。     

K-Gill:用于大气湍流测量的双螺旋桨-风标风速表

不列颠哥伦比亚大学研制的双螺旋桨-风标风速表曾成功地用于有海洋浪花存在情况下中-高风速期间大气湍流的无人自动测量。本文介绍一种新设计的双螺旋桨-风标风速表。该仪器由安装在风标上的两个Gill风速表构成。两个螺旋桨的轴一个朝上,另一个朝下,都与水平成45°角(由此以下称K-Gill)。除了具有以前设计的一些特点外,K-Gill还具有对称性,因此,能以相同的灵敏度测量上升气流和下沉气流。机内的水平传感器可用来进行倾斜订正。为了减少气流畸变,已经从装置的底座上去掉了电子仪器外壳,而且把螺旋桨安装在远离主垂直轴的地方。本文介绍了获得风速的垂直分量和顺风水平分量的算法,讨论了各种误差源和误差的大小。     

混沌、奇异吸引子和天气(二)

四、在天气和气候中吸引子的研究确定吸引子的Hausdorff-Besicovit-ch维数具有极其重要的意义。因为一个吸引子无论是否为分形,其维数表示在相应的动力学系统演变过程中出现的最少变量个数(亦即吸引子必须嵌入一个至少等于其自身维数的状态空间)。所以,吸引子的Haus-dotff-Besicovitch维数(亦或任何其它广义维数的问题)的测定,也就给出了预测系统演变的模式所必须满足的一些约束条件。如果给出动力学系统的数学表达式,那     

RESPONSES OF A GLOBAL CGCM TO CO_2 INCREASE

The responses of the climate system to increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_2)arestudied by using a new version of the Bureau of Meteorological Research Centre(BMRC)globalcoupled general circulation model(CGCM).Two simulations are run:one with atmospheric CO_2concentration held constant at 330 ppm,the other with a tripling of atmospheric CO_2(990 ppm).Results from the 41-year control coupled integration are applied to analyze the mean state,seasonal cycle and interannual variability in the model.Comparisons between the greenhouseexperiment and the control experiment then provide estimations of the influence of increased CO_2on climate changes and climate variability.Especially discussed is the question on whether theclimate changes concerned with CO_2 inerease will impact interannual variability in tropical Pacific,such as ENSO.     

东北太平洋上暴发性发展生成的气旋

1.引言 Sanders和Gyakum(1980年)把24小时内中心气压至少减少24毫巴的温带气旋定义为气象炸弹。他们提到的加深率本来是对北纬60度而言的,为了得到任何纬度θ的     

The Timing of the Palaeoproterozoic Great Oxidation Event using Dykes,Sills and Bolcanics of the Ongeluk Large Igneous Province,Kaapvaal Craton

正The Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic Transvaal Supergroup of the Kaapvaal Craton,southern Africa,is one of the best-preserved and most complete stratigraphic records across a critical in juncture in the Earth’s history.     

The eastward subtropical countercurrent on isopycnal surface in the western North Pacific

The classic Sverdrup theory suggests that the water movement in the central subtropical gyre of North Pa-cific be slowly westward or southwestward.In the late sixties of the20th century,the existence of a peculiar eastward narrow flow between20°N and25°N in spring was theoretically predicted.It was named the Subtropical Countercurrent(STCC),although direct observational evidences were not yet sufficient to con-firm whether or not such eastward flow between20°N and25°N was a persistent…     

杰金娜著“奥尔斯克褐煤田东乌拉尔矿区中侏罗世含煤沉积的植物化石”简介

此书于1963年3月由苏联科学院出版社出版。全书116页,51幅图版,共分前言、东乌拉尔褐煤区含煤岩系的特征及植物化石的系统描述三部分。在前言中,作者概括地叙述了化石的产出情况、采集经过、主要类群及其意义,最后说明了成