Lake Søbygaard: a shallow lake in recovery after a reduction in phosphorus loading

The development and recovery of a shallow and hypertrophic lake following a reduction in the external phosphorus load has been documented. In spite of this reduction, phosphorus concentrations and phytoplankton biomass in the lake water are still very high. The reason for this development can be explained by three main factors: (1): the sediment has been accumulating a large phosphorus pool which is now causing a high internal phosphorus load, (2) due to the shallow conditions, resuspension of the upper sediment often takes place because of wind action and thereby increases the phosphorus loading from the sediment, (3) the development of a large population of planktivorous fish decreases the zooplankton biomass resulting in the development of a large phytoplankton biomass.     

Olivine phenocrysts of Hawaiian olivine tholeiite and oceanite

Olivine phenocrysts of Hawaiian tholeiites display a variety of textures and a variation in composition which is due to supercooled crystallization. The highest forsterite content measured is 91%, and the highest magnesia content estimated for a tholeiitic liquid is 17%, using the olivine geothermometer. The liquid of this composition may be either a primary magma or a primitive magma. It is not yet possible to specify any particular composition range for the primary Hawaiian tholeiites.     

Hypersthene-ilmenite(/magnetite) symplectites in coronitic olivine-gabbronorites

Symplectitic intergrowths of hypersthene (host) with ilmenite and minor magnetite (vermicules) in a gabbroic sill from the Precambrian of southwest Sweden occur as replacement products of olivine, and are thought to have formed simulataneously with the replacement of nearby crystals of ilmenite and Timagnetite by biotite and hornblende (and spinel). These interrelated replacement processes may have taken place during, or immediately after, the final stages of the magmatic crystallization, at temperatures of about 660–680°C, as part of the inherent metamorphism of the gabbroic rock. Another expression of this metamorphic imprint is the occurrence of two-tiered corona shells of hypersthene/hornblende (+spinel) at the interface of olivine and plagioclase crystals.     

Neotectonics of the Pontides: implications for ‘incompatible’ structures along the North Anatolian fault

Data for the post-Serravallian, ‘neotectonic’ evolution of the Pontides in northern Turkey indicate predominant ENE-WSW shortening with complementary NNW-SSE extension. We present a new fault plane solution for the Bartin earthquake (3 September 1968) and compare its mechanism with the movement picture of other neotectonic faults in the Pontides and northern Greece together with that of the Thessaloniki earthquake (20 May 1978). The general strain pattern exhibited by these structures agrees remarkably well with that inferred from early Tortonian-early Pleistocene structures reported from within the North Anatolian fault zone, which have been interpreted as indicating a possible reversal of the sense of movement along the North Anatolian transform fault. Here, we argue that such ‘incompatible’ structures may be related to the overall E-W shortening of Anatolia and the southern parts of the Black Sea resulting from the sideways continental escape from around the African and the Arabian promontories, rather than to hypothetical reversal of motion along the North Anatolian fault, for which there is no evidence other than the above-mentioned ‘incompatible’ structures. This new model also has important implications for seismicity and earthquake risk in regions contained within the southern part of the Black Sea plate.     

Low frequency waves in plasmas with spatially varying electron temperature

Low frequency electrostatic waves are studied in magnetized plasmas with an electron temperature which varies with position in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. For wave frequencies below the ion cyclotron frequency, the waves need not follow any definite dispersion relation. Instead a band of phase velocities is allowed, with a range of variation depending on the maximum and minimum values of the electron temperature. Simple model equations are obtained for the general case which can be solved to give the spatial variation of a harmonically time varying potential. A simple analytical model for the phenomenon is presented and the results are supported by numerical simulations carried out in a 2.5-dimensional particle-in-cell numerical simulation. We find that when the electron temperature is striated along B₀ and low frequency waves (_ci) are excited in this environment, then the intensity of these low frequency waves will be striated in a manner following the electron temperature striations. High frequency ion acoustic waves (_ci) will on the other hand have a spatially more uniform intensity distribution.     

Downscaling a twentieth century global climate simulation to the North Sea

The regional ocean model system (ROMS) is used to downscale a 26-year period of the twentieth century 20C3M experiment from the global coupled Bergen climate model (BCM) for the North Sea. Compared to an observational-based climatology, BCM have good results on the mean temperature, except for too low winter temperature. This is connected to a too weak inflow of Atlantic water. The downscaling gives added value to the BCM results by providing regional details, doubling the Atlantic inflow, and improving the mean winter temperature. For mean salinity, BCM has values very close to the climatology, whereas the downscaling becomes too fresh. The downscaling, however, improves the sea surface salinity, the vertical structure, and the Norwegian Coastal Current. It is concluded that the downscaling procedure as presented here is a suitable tool for assessing the future Atlantic inflow and sea temperature in the North Sea based on a global climate projection.     

小口径散射伽玛能谱测井仪

介绍散射伽玛能谱测井仪的组成工作原理、探测系统、探测技术、数据采集、处理及传输技术,能谱探测电路、数据采集电路及编制实时数据采集程序。并针对散射伽玛能谱测井在解决复杂岩性地层地质问题,确定空隙度、解释煤层气、裂隙带等方面的独具特点以及在煤田地质勘探中开展散射伽能谱测井的必要性进行了讨论。     

Some physical and chemical properties of lakes in north-eastern Norway

Summary Chemical and physical properties in 12 lakes in the north-easternmost part of Norway are studied. Geologically the lakes are situated on the pre-cambrian “Baltic shield”, with metamorphic and intrusive rocks that are not easily soluble. Vertical series of temperature, pH, O₂ and x₁₈ together with colour measurements and transparency indicate that the lakes are temperate and fundamentally oligotrophic, some with a dystrophic character. Some individual differences are discussed, with special reference to the surroundings, flow-through rate and morphometry. In accordance with the geology of the area the amount of electrolytes is small. Major ions (Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO₃, SO₄ and Cl) are analysed. The greatest differences in the composition of these ions in the lakes are shown to be due mainly to the varying proximity to the sea and to geological differences. Rain is shown to be the most important factor in supplying major ions toat least some of the lakes. Individual variations are discussed, and comparisons are made with the ionic composition of water in other districts.

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Zusammenfassung An 12 im n?rdlichesten Teil von Norwegen, auf dem pr?kambrischen Baltischen Schild gelegenen Seen werden die chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften studiert. Das Einzugsgebiet besteht aus schwerl?slichem, metamorphem und intrusivem Gestein. Die vertikale Verteilung von Temperatur, pH, O₂ und x₁₈ samt Farbmessungen und Transparenz zeigt, dass die Seen dem temperierten Typus angeh?ren und im wesentlichen oligotroph sind, einige von dystrophem Charakter. Einige individuelle Unterschiede werden er?rtert mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Umgebung, der Durchflutungszeit und der Morphometrie. In übereinstimmung mit der geologischen Beschaffenheit der Umgebung ist der Elektrolytgehalt neigdrig. Die dominierenden Ionen (Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO₃, SO₄ und Cl) werden analysiert. Es wird nachgewiesen, dass die gr?ssten Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung dieser Ionen in den Seen auf die verschiedene Entfernung vom Meer und auf geologische Unterschiede zurückzuführen sind. Für einige der Seen wird nachgewiesen, dass der Regen als wichtigster Faktor für ihre Versorgung mit Ionen anzusehen ist. Es werden individuelle Unterschiede er?rtert und Vergleiche mit der ionalen Zusammensetzung von Gew?ssern anderer Gegenden gezogen.

     

Crustal Stress in the northern North Sea as inferred from borehole breakouts and earthquake focal mechanisms

The regional stress field in the northern North Sea (offshore western Norway) has been studied through the acquisition and analysis of directions of maximum horizontal compression (_H) as extracted from borehole breakouts and from earthquake focal mechanism solutions.
The results indicate that the regional stress field is dominated by NW-SE compression, with good consistency between shallow borehole breakouts (2–5 km depth) and deeper earthquakes (10–25 km depth). The broad spatial consistency in stress direction indicates that the main stress field is related to factors of primarily plate tectonic origin, and the results are in good agreement with the western Europe trend found in earlier investigations.
The Tampen Spur region in the northern North Sea has been subjected to particularly complex deformation, with two dominating fault directions trending NW-SE and NE-SW. From Tampen Spur in the west to the Sogn graben in the east an anomalous stress field is indicated, with NE-SW oriented maximum horizontal compressions. This anomaly is clearly seen both in the borehole breakout data and in the earthquake data. Possible sources for this anomaly are discussed, and include postglacial uplift and/or lateral variations in the physical properties of the crust.