Removal of Cu(Ⅱ) from Wastewater Using Acidified Sewage Sludge Ash

Sewage sludge ash (SSA), the waste generated in sewage sludge incineration, was obtained from Wuhan Sewage Treatment Plant and used as a low-cost sorbent for removing Cu(Ⅱ) from wastewaters. The sorbent was first modified with 5 % sulfuric acid to increase its sorption capacity. The specific surface area, porosity, cation-exchange capacity (CEC) and pHZPC of the sorbent were measured. Batch experiments were made to study the effect of contact time, solution pH value and temperature on sorption. Both Langmuir and Freundlich models well described the Cu(Ⅱ) sorption process, with correlation coefficient (R2) values of 0.993 4 and 0.989 9 respectively. And the sorption process follows the Lagergren first order kinetic model. The equilibrium sorption capacity of acidified SSA to Cu(Ⅱ) is estimated to be 7.78 mg/g under optimal conditions.     

江汉--洞庭湖平原区构造沉降GPS监测的试验与研究

地质构造沉降是地壳的一个长期、缓慢运动过程。开展区域性地质构造沉降GPS监测研究，对地质调查具有十分重要的意义。介绍了高精度GPS高程测量在江汉～洞庭湖平原区构造沉降观测中的数据处理方法，并得出了一些有益的结论。     

南海海岛自动气象站防护应用技术探索

立足海南及南海的自然条件,结合海岛自动气象站在南海高温、高湿、高盐雾、强辐射、强风等恶劣气候环境下使用情况,通过对历年来海岛自动气象站故障及失效模式的统计和分析,总结分析故障原因。根据设备维护人员多年气象设备保障工作积累总结的经验,从海岛自动气象站结构和防护要求出发,集成应用市场上优质材料、先进工艺和多种成熟、关键设备防护技术,形成一些气象设备防护的有效方法措施,以提高海岛自动气象站对海洋环境的适应性和性能,延长设备使用寿命。     

北京山区泥石流预警阈值初步研究

泥石流预警阈值,是突发地质灾害防灾减灾的重要参考指标。本文结合北京山区泥石流灾害特点和已有降雨阈值研究成果,一方面在泥石流沟易发性、物源和危害人数进行分级的基础上,提出不同级别沟谷在不同前期降雨条件下,不同发灾概率的激发雨量,极大地方便了中短期预警实际工作;另一方面将泥石流流域降雨量、土壤含水率、次声、泥位4个参数,作为泥石流短临灾害预警关键物理参数,开展了泥石流专业监测设备预警阈值研究。最终,从技术层面上构建不同时间维度的泥石流监测预警阈值体系,为北京山区泥石流监测预警提供技术支持。     

Evapotranspiration management based on the application of SWAT for balancing water consumption: A case study in Guantao,China

Rapid social and economic development results in increased demand for water resources. This can lead to the unsustainable development and exploitation of water resources which in turn causes significant environmental problems. Conventional water resource management approaches, such as supply and demand management strategies, frequently fail to restore regional water balance. This paper introduces the concept of water consumption balance, the balance between actual evapotranspiration (ET) and target ET, and establishes a framework to realize regional water balance. The framework consists of three stages: (1) determination of target ET and actual ET; (2) quantification of the water-saving requirements for the region; and (3) reduction of actual ET by implementing various water saving management strategies. Using this framework, a case study was conducted for Guantao County, China. The SWAT model was utilized to aid in the selection of the best water saving management strategy by comparing the ET of different irrigation methods and crop pattern adjustments. Simulation results revealed that determination of SWAT model parameters using remote sensing ET is feasible and that the model is a valuable tool for ET management. Irrigation was found to have a greater influence on the ET of winter wheat as compared to that of maize, indicating that reduction in winter wheat cultivation is the most effective way to reduce regional ET. However, the effect of water-saving irrigation methods on the reduction of ET was not obvious. This indicates that it would be difficult to achieve regional ET reduction using water-saving irrigation methods only. Furthermore, selecting the best water saving management strategy by relying solely on the amount of reduced ET was insufficient, because it ignored the impact of water conservation measures on the livelihood of the agricultural community. Incorporating these considerations with our findings, we recommend changing the current irrigation method to sprinkler irrigation and replacing 20% of the winter wheat-maize cultivated area with cotton, as the best strategy to achieve water balance in the study area.     

珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区湖泊动态及对区域气候变化的响应

利用Landsat卫星影像,采用面向对象分类方法提取珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区湖泊信息,分析了湖泊动态及对区域气候变化的响应关系。结果表明：（1）2015年保护区湖泊总面积为489.07 km²,构造湖、河成湖、冰川湖分别占总面积的77.3%、2.6%、20.1%。（2）1975-2015年,保护区内各类湖泊面积变化速率不同,冰川湖最大（1.05 km²·a^-1）,构造湖次之（-0.85 km²·a^-1）,河成湖最稳定（0.013 km²·a^-1）;保护区南坡冰川湖面积变化速率（0.53 km²·a^-1）略大于北坡（0.52 km²·a^-1）。（3）北坡构造湖、河成湖对区域气候的响应呈阶段性变化规律,1975-2000年珠峰地区气候呈暖湿化趋势,2000年构造湖、河成湖面积达到峰值,两类总计增加22.8 km²;2000-2015年转变为显著的暖干气候,构造湖、河成湖面积均呈减少趋势,总共减少57.16 km²。随着区域气候的变暖,冰川湖总面积不断扩大,近40年间冰川湖面积累计增加43.06 km²。（4）灰色关联度分析显示,年极端低温对构造湖面积变化影响最显著,年均气温对冰川湖起主导作用,年均相对湿度对河成湖影响最大。较其他气候因子而言,降水量对各类湖泊面积变化的影响均最小。     

珠江三角洲城市大气中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源解析和健康风险评估

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是广泛存在于大气中的一类毒害有机污染物.本研究采集了2018年冬、夏两季珠江三角洲9个地级市的气态和颗粒态(PM2.5)样品,分析了16种美国国家环境保护局优先控制PAHs的浓度水平和时空变化,并结合PM2.5相中的有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和左旋葡聚糖浓度,使用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型对PAHs进行了来源解析.∑16 PAHs的气相浓度范围为7.08～284.08 ng/m3,PM2.5相浓度范围为0.30～17.00 ng/m3,两相总浓度(37.48±41.53)ng/m3.季节特征上,∑16 PAHs气相浓度为夏高冬低,PM2.5相浓度则呈现冬高夏低,总∑16 PAHs浓度呈夏高冬低.比值法和PMF源解析结果发现,珠江三角洲9个典型城市大气的PAHs主要来自生物质燃烧(57％)、煤炭燃烧(30％)和机动车尾气排放(13％).城市周边生物质燃烧引致的PAHs污染仍需重视.健康风险评价表明,珠江三角洲大气PAHs致癌等效浓度处于较低水平(0.30～1.89 ng/m3),主要由苯并[a]芘贡献(>45％),建议重点关注.     

思茅地块西缘大凹子组地层序列及地质时代

目前关于思茅地块西缘大凹子组的形成时代仍有分歧.在思茅地块西缘大中河剖面采集了硅质岩、砂岩、凝灰岩和玄武岩,通过放射虫组合和锆石U-Pb年龄方法,厘定其地质时代,并结合区域资料恢复地层序列.通过详细剖面实测,发现该剖面由6个地层断片组成:第一、四断片以含放射虫硅质岩为特征,放射虫组合指示其时代为晚泥盆世至早石炭世早期;第二、五断片以火山碎屑岩、具有鲍玛序列沉积特征的火山碎屑沉积岩为主,锆石U-Pb同位素年龄指示其时代为志留纪中期至早泥盆世;第三、六断片以火山岩沉积为特征,锆石U-Pb同位素年龄指示其时代为志留纪早期.结合前人资料认为思茅地块西缘分布的海相火山岩、碎屑岩和含放射虫硅质岩地层层序代表了志留纪到早石炭世早期的岛弧火山-沉积地层序列.      

西苏门答腊实武牙地区晚三叠世花岗岩锆石年代学及其特提斯构造意义

苏门答腊岛位于东特提斯构造域,沿该岛分布了大量不同时代和成因的花岗岩,但这些花岗岩的形成时代和延伸以及对比均未能得到很好的界定,也限制了对东南亚主要岩浆岩带延伸及其构造背景的理解.对西苏门答腊实武牙地区新识别出的花岗岩体开展了精细的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究.结果显示,3个花岗岩样品的锆石均为典型的岩浆成因,其岩浆年龄分别为215.1±2.4 Ma（MSWD=0.14）、206.1±5 Ma（MSWD=0.22）、214.3±5 Ma（MSWD=0.11）,锆石年代学研究表明西苏门答腊存在晚三叠世的岩浆作用.对比东南亚花岗岩省内同期侵入岩认为,西苏门答腊实武牙地区的晚三叠世花岗岩可与东南亚西部花岗岩省进行对比和联系,该套晚三叠世花岗岩可能形成于中特提斯洋初始俯冲的弧后裂谷环境.      

微生物-CMC无固相钻井液固壁作用与机理初探

松散破碎性地层孔壁失稳一直是困扰钻探工程界的难题之一,增强该类地层的胶结性,提高其力学性能是有效解决孔壁失稳的技术关键。本文将微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（MICP）技术与CMC无固相钻井液相结合,构建微生物-CMC无固相钻井液体系。通过岩心浸泡实验、X射线衍射实验（XRD）以及扫描电镜分析两种微观分析手段对微生物-CMC无固相钻井液的固壁作用与机理进行了初探。结果表明：微生物-CMC无固相钻井液对松散破碎性地层具有较明显的加固作用,且作用时间越长,初始菌种浓度越高,钙源浓度越大,固壁效果越好。在固壁过程中,微生物随钻井液渗透进入试样内部,在松散颗粒之间诱导生成碳酸钙晶体,填充孔隙空间,将松散颗粒胶结成整体,并具有一定的力学强度,从而达到加固孔壁的目的。本研究结果为解决松散破碎性地层孔壁失稳提供了新的钻井液技术方案。