Future Effects of Ozone on Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change Policy Using a Global Biogeochemical Model

Exposure of plants to ozone inhibits photosynthesis and therefore reduces vegetation production and carbon sequestration. The reduced carbon storage would then require further reductions in fossil fuel emissions to meet a given CO₂ concentration target, thereby increasing the cost of meeting the target. Simulations with the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) for the historical period (1860–1995) show the largest damages occur in the Southeast and Midwestern regions of the United States, eastern Europe, and eastern China. The largest reductions in carbon storage for the period 1950–1995, 41%, occur in eastern Europe. Scenarios for the 21st century developed with the MIT Integrated Global Systems Model (IGSM) lead to even greater negative effects on carbon storage in the future. In some regions, current land carbon sinks become carbon sources, and this change leads to carbon sequestration decreases of up to 0.4 Pg C yr⁻¹ due to damage in some regional ozone hot spots. With a climate policy, failing to consider the effects of ozone damage on carbon sequestration would raise the global costs over the next century of stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ equivalents at 550 ppm by 6 to 21%. Because stabilization at 550 ppm will reduce emission of other gases that cause ozone, these additional benefits are estimated to be between 5 and 25% of the cost of the climate policy. Tropospheric ozone effects on terrestrial ecosystems thus produce a surprisingly large feedback in estimating climate policy costs that, heretofore, has not been included in cost estimates.     

武汉和宜昌地区降水的Z-R关系

应用1987-1989年观测的850份雨滴谱资料,统计分析了武汉和宜昌地区降水的Z-R关系。得出武汉地区:层状云降水Z=200.7 R^1.259 对流性降水Z=292.4R^1.265 宜昌地区:层状云降水Z=259.3R^1.407 对流性降水Z=361.9R^1.477。     

现场或震后趋势预测中的几个不精确推理问题

在地震预报的实践中经常会遇到下面的情况,即如何估计在经过了一定的预报时间后尚未发生预期地震的条件下在余下的预报时间段内发生预期地震的信度问题。文中结合地震发生是个小概率事件这一特点,运用MYCIN模型推得了估计这一信度的实用公式,同时还对所遇到的其它几个不精确推理问题进行了论述。     

仿人机器人的可变ZMP步态规划

为使仿人机器人能够稳定地行走,基于三维倒立摆模型,采用了可变ZMP(Zero-Moment Point)来进行仿人机器人的步态规划.在单脚支撑期依据可变ZMP来规划COG(Center of Gravity)的轨迹,在双脚支撑期内则让ZMP保持低速匀速运动,由此来规划此时间段的COG轨迹.仿真结果验证了规划的合理性,保证了更强的稳定性,并且使得采用此规划的仿人机器人的行走和人类的行走更加相似.     

A non-breaking-wave-generated turbulence mixing scheme for a global ocean general circulation model

Ocean Dynamics - A novel vertical mixing scheme to describe the influence of the non-breaking surface waves in ocean general circulation models is proposed based on the second-order turbulence...     

Sedimentary framework of the modern Huanghe (Yellow River) delta

The geometry, stratigraphy, and structure of recently deposited Huanghe (Yellow River) Delta sediments were examined by high resolution subbottom profiles and medium-penetration boomer profiles. The results indicate that the active (post-1976) subaqueous delta advances as a single thin localized lobe with a maximum thickness of only 15 m. Calculations of sediment volumes indicate that 90% or more of the sediment supplied by the Huanghe remains within 30 km of the mouth. Sediment on the delta platform near the mouth is fine sand; elsewhere silts and clays prevail.[/p]     

一种制备单原子碳链的方案

考虑到迄今为止实验上尚不能制备含有上百个原子的自由单原子链,本文提出利用探针从graphene中拉伸较长单原子碳链的设想,并通过分子动力学计算发现,室温下可以利用C60探针以1 m/s的速度从graphene的zigzag边缘拉出较长的一维单原子碳链,为实验提供了一种制备单原子碳链的可能方案.     

优化采样策略下长江口潮间带大型底栖生物物种丰富度的估算

在异质性潮间带湿地中通过野外采样估算大型底栖动物物种丰富度,面临的挑战是统计上精确性的要求与实际采样难度之间的矛盾。为了解决这个问题,本研究通过对采样策略整个过程的三个主要部分进行优化设计（优化采样方法、确定最少采样效力、探索最佳的采样间距）,以期在中国长江河口典型的潮间带湿地中获得一个优化、有效和实用的大型底栖动物采样策略。本研究选取了横断面采样方法,并根据典型栖息地类型（潮滩、潮沟、盐沼植被）进行分层优化采样,这种类型的采样也称为横断面分层抽样。最少采样效力和最佳的采样间距由两个数学方法确定：蒙特·卡洛模拟和物种累积曲线。结果表明,根据典型栖息地类型优化的横断面分层采样,在大为减少采样效力和劳动力的情况下,还能采集样地81%物种,优化效果明显。同时,还分别确定了三类栖息地的最佳采样间隔和最小采样效力：在盐沼植被中,采样效力需要超过1.8 m2,最佳采样间隔为10 m;在潮滩中,最小采样效力2 m2,最佳采样间隔为10 m;在潮沟中,采样效力为3 m2,间隔为1 m。不同栖息地类型之间最小采样效力和最佳采样间隔的差异可能受到优势物种的迁移范围和栖息地的物理差异（例如潮汐水文、底泥、植被覆盖）的影响。本研究所采用的优化采样策略在平衡采样效力的情况下,为大型底栖动物丰富度估算提供良好的精度。此外,在河口湿地进行大型底栖动物调查之时,本研究的结论能提供采样策略参考。本研究所采用的采样策略设计注重采样的三个关键部分,具有良好的采样效果,可作为栖息地管理或生态系统评估的野外实地采样指南。     

中国东部中生代晚期岩浆核杂岩隆起-拆离带构造成矿特征与金-多金属矿田勘查

中国东部中生代晚期发育伸展构造, 诱发强烈的岩浆活动, 出现大规模成矿事件。本文将伸展构造核部出露中生代晚期岩浆杂岩、边部出露拆离断层作为主要标志, 将多期岩浆侵入形成的变质核杂岩和伸展穹窿均归入中生代晚期岩浆核杂岩隆起-拆离带构造范畴。前者主要形成深源金-多金属矿床, 后者主要形成浅源有色金属矿床。前者主要产于古老变质岩区, 后者主要产于古生代沉积-火山岩区。岩浆上侵的诱因, 主要与晚中生代太平洋板块的俯冲-折返机制有关。结合地球物理资料, 探讨了岩浆核杂岩的深部控制因素。基于"岩浆核杂岩隆起-拆离带"岩浆期后热液成矿模式, 总结了岩浆热液型贵金属、有色金属矿床的分布规律、成矿条件和找矿标志, 提出了中尺度"矿田找矿"的新方向, 在辽南、皖北地区预测了有利的隐伏远景区。     

青海冷湖北片麻状石英闪长岩的MC-LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及地质意义

青海冷湖北片麻状石英闪长岩Si O2含量较低、Na2O、Al2O3、Mg O含量较高,铝饱和指数(ASI)介于0.66~0.70,具准铝质岩石的特征,属高钾钙碱性系列。球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素配分曲线表现为轻稀土富集型,轻重稀土分馏明显,Eu呈很弱的负异常(δEu=0.82~0.87)。微量元素地球化学特征显示,岩石富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Sr和Th、U,贫高场强元素Nb,Ta、Zr、Hf等,显示出与板块俯冲作用有关的造山带岩浆岩的特征,岩石形成于火山弧构造环境。青海冷湖北片麻状石英闪长岩形成于以角闪石作为主要残余的压力环境下,源岩可能为中—高钾的变质玄武岩。经过锆石阴极发光分析和MC-LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得加权平均年龄为430.7±0.8Ma,代表了片麻状石英闪长岩的成岩年龄。该岩体是在塔里木地块与柴达木地块发生斜向俯冲碰撞时,深部软流圈相对岩石圈继续运动,岩石圈内部发生拆离,密度相对较小的柴达木陆壳在浮力作用下迅速折返,随着温度的升高或者压力的降低,陆壳中—高钾变玄武岩在中下地壳压力条件下发生熔融形成,是柴北缘高压—超高压变质带折返的物质响应。