Multivariate analysis of heavy metal pollution in street dusts of Xianyang city, NW China

Urban street dust is one of important indicators of the status of urban environmental pollution. There are many studies in capital cities, but little attention has been paid to this kind of study in medium cities, especially in China. The dust samples were collected in the district of traffic crossroads in Xianyang city, Shaanxi Province. Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr and Mn concentrations were determined by using atomic absorption spectrometry. The results indicate that street dusts in Xianyang city have elevated metal concentrations as a whole in comparison with Shaanxi Province soil, except for Mn. The content of heavy metals was comparable to those in capital cities. Correlation coefficient analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used and three main sources were identified; Mn comes mainly from soil sources; Cu, Zn and Ni are mainly derived from industrial sources combined with traffic sources; Pb, Cr and Cd have traffic sources. Heavy metal enrichment factors were calculated, which can reflect human influence degree of street dusts.     

Machine-Learning-Aided Determination of Post-blast Ore Boundary for Controlling Ore Loss and Dilution

Natural Resources Research - In the process of open-pit bench blasting for many mines, rock fragments move in the direction of loose space after fragmentation under explosive energy, leading to ore...     

环嵩山地区史前时期聚落选址与水系关系研究

采用GIS空间分析方法,按照裴李岗、仰韶、龙山、夏商4个时期对环嵩山地区史前时期聚落选址与水系关系进行分析。结果表明:聚落选址与水系存在密切的关系:(1)聚落选址偏好最强的地区位于距河流水平距离为200~300 m的地区,聚落分布数量随着距离水系水平距离的增大而减少,而且聚落选址距离水系的水平距离基本不超过3 km。(2)距离水系垂直距离为20 m的范围内是聚落选址偏好程度最强的地区,聚落分布数量随着距离河流垂直距离的增加而减少,距离水系垂直距离太大,不利于古人取水,垂直距离超过40 m无聚落分布,说明聚落选址对距离水系垂直距离的偏好度在40 m以内。(3)聚落选址偏好随着水系级别的增大而降低,裴李岗时期、龙山时期、夏商时期3级水系附近聚落密度最大,而仰韶时期1级水系附近聚落密度最大。有可能因为在仰韶时期,气候属于暖湿期,相对于其他3个时期来说,降水较多,3级水系水流量可能较大,没有1级水系附近的居住环境稳定。     

A computational complexity analysis of Tienstra’s solution to equality-constrained adjustment

Tienstra’s method was developed to solve parameter adjustment with linear equality constraints, which has been otherwise often carried out by directly applying the conventional (or standard) method of Lagrange multipliers to quadratic optimization problems with a positive definite matrix. We analyze the computational complexity of the celebrated Tienstra’s method and compare it with that of the method of Lagrange multipliers. We show that Tienstra’s method is not only statistically elegant but also interestingly of significant computational advantage over the method of Lagrange multipliers to solve weighted least squares adjustment with linear equality constraints, with the saving of computational cost by a minimum of about 38% to a maximum of 100%. Tienstra’s method can be very important for large scale problems of adjustment and inversion with linear equality constraints.     

长江三角洲城市带扩展对区域温度变化的影响

Based on non-radiance-calibrated DMSP/OLS nighttime light imagery from 1992 to 2003, urban land area statistical data, meteorological data and land surface temperature data retrieved by MODIS and NOAA/AVHRR data, the influence of urbanization on regional cli- matic trend of temperature in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) was analyzed. Conclusions are as follows: 1) There is a significant urbanization process from 1992 to 2003 in the YRD. Four city clusters of Nanjing–Zhenjiang–Yangzhou, Suzhou–Wuxi–Changzhou, Shanghai and Hangzhou Bay form a zigzag city belt. The increase rate of annual mean air temperature in city-belt is 0.28–0.44℃/10a from 1991 to 2005, which is far larger than that of non-city-belt. 2) The urban heat island (UHI) effect on regional mean air temperature in different seasons is summer>autumn>spring>winter. 3) The UHI intensity and the urban total population logarithm are creditably correlated. 4) The UHI effect made the regional annual mean air temperature increased 0.072℃ from 1961 to 2005, of which 0.047℃ from 1991 to 2005, and the annual maximum air temperature increased 0.162℃, of which 0.083℃ from 1991 to 2005. All these indicating that the urban expansion in the YRD from 1991 to 2005 may be regarded as a serious climate signal.     

社会网络视角中世界文化遗产地旅游村寨的利益关系治理

以云南省红河州元阳县哈尼梯田核心区域2个典型的旅游村寨（大鱼塘村和普高老寨）为例,对两村寨利益相关者从网络凝聚性、网络互惠性、网络核心边缘、网络传递性、网络经纪人等5个方面展开关系数据分析,结果显示：1）大鱼塘村压力集团内部、压力集团与社区、企业与政府之间的利益关联性和联系的紧密性不足;2）两村当地政府和压力集团与社区之间的互惠性低于整体平均互惠性;3）两村利益网络中边缘结构较核心结构更加明显,这导致了利益关系的不平衡;4）两村当地政府利益集团传递性相对较低,当地社区传递性最高;5）两村中利益集团间缺少部分协调人、守门人、代理人、联络人等角色。最后提出相应建议：1）提升哈尼梯田利益关系由弱利益关系转变为强利益关系,改变利益集团间核心边缘利益关系格局;2）进一步加强各利益集团内部及之间的关联性;3）加强以企业和政府机构为顶点的组间利益传递,让利益流动逐步打破哈尼梯田利益集团之间的核心边缘关系结构;4）重点加强社区在利益关系网络中的参与机会与权力,对社区进行增权;5）利益集团内部要重点培育协调人和顾问角色,利益集团之间要重点培育企业与政府、社区、压力集团之间的守门人、代理人和联络人角色,以及社区与政府和企业之间的守门人、代理人角色。     

Assessment of coastal vulnerability to environmental change in Jiangsu coastal plain

1 IntroductionCoastal areas, with dense population and high urbanization, are highly sensitive to global environmental change. The impacts of coastal environmental changes, such as sea level rise and related disasters exacerbation on socio-economic development of coastal areas, have become a matter of public concern. To study the vulnerable scope and degree of impacts of sea level rise and related exacerbating coastal hazards can provide a scientific basis for lessening the potential losses th…     

Spatial and temporal variations in C3 and C4 plant abundance over the Chinese Loess Plateau since the last glacial maximum

Stable carbon isotopes of soil organic matter from 12 sites in the southern Chinese Loess Plateau are reviewed to examine spatial and temporal patterns of C₃ and C₄ plants in the arid to semiarid monsoonal region during three key periods - last glacial maximum, mid-Holocene, and modern. We have tentatively corrected the effects of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and precipitation amounts on the δ¹³C endmembers for C₃ plants to reconstruct the relative proportion of C₄ plants because the δ¹³C values of C₃ plants are variable under different CO₂ and climate conditions. The results indicate that C₄ grasses increase from northwest to southeast spatially, which is consistent with present-day increasing precipitation and temperature patterns. This suggests that for a monsoon-dominant arid to semiarid region, such as the Loess Plateau, warm-season rainfall is a primary factor limiting C₄ plants growth, and thus C₄ grasses have been outcompeted by C₃ grasses/shrubs under cold-dry climate conditions. However, temporal fluctuations in atmospheric CO₂ concentration may also affect plant growth through altering water-use efficiency (WUE). Enhanced drought caused by decreased WUE due to low atmospheric CO₂ concentrations during glacial periods, combined with a cold-dry climate, leads to a decline in C₄ grasses, canceling out any advantages gained from lowered atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. To reconstruct accurately the abundance of C₃ and C₄ plants in an ecosystem and explore their controlling factors, process-based vegetation models integrating CO₂ and climatic parameters interactive with plant physiology are necessary.     

浅谈煤田地质勘探中煤质研究和评价的意义

通过我国煤田地质勘探中煤层煤质的分析,研究认为煤炭不仅是重要的能源,同时也是重要的化工原材料,长期以来在煤田地质勘探中侧重于煤炭资源的勘探,忽视了对煤质的分析研究,建议在今后的煤田地质勘探中加强对煤质的分析研究,为煤炭的综合利用提供必要的参数。