Cenozoic Environmental Changes in the Northern Qaidam Basin Inferred from n-alkane Records

Cenozoic climatic and environmental changes in the arid Asian interior, and their possible relations with global climatic changes and the Tibetan Plateau uplift, have been intensively investigated and debated over past decades. Here we present 40-Myr （million years）-long n-alkane records from a continuous Cenozoic sediment sequence in the Dahonggou Section, Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, to infer environmental changes in the northern basin. A set of n-alkane indexes, including ACL, CPI and Paq, vary substantially and consistently throughout the records, which are interpreted to reflect relative contributions from terrestrial vascular plants vs. aquatic macrophytes, and thus indicate depositional environments. ACL values vary between 21 and 30; CP1 values range from 1.0 to 8.0; and Paq values change from 〈0.1 to 0.8 over the past 40-Myr. We have roughly identified two periods, at 25.8-21.0 Ma （million years ago） and 13.0-17.5 Ma, with higher ACL and CPI and lower Paq values indicating predominant lacustrine environments. Lower ACL and CPI values, together with higher Paq values, occurred at 〉25.8 Ma, 17.5-21.0 Ma, and 〈13.0 Ma, corresponding to alluvial fan/river deltaic deposits and shallow lacustrine settings, consistent with the observed features in sedimentological facies. The inferred Cenozoic environmental changes in the northern Qaidam Basin appear to correspond to global climatic changes.     

煤储层孔隙、裂隙系统研究进展

煤储层孔隙、裂隙系统由孔隙、微裂隙、内生裂隙和外生节理组成。煤相、煤阶、变质作用类型、构造作用和地下流体是影响煤储层孔隙、裂隙系统发育的关键因素。煤岩成分是煤储层孔隙、微裂隙、内生裂隙和外生节理发育的先决条件，而煤相控制煤的组成成分发育特征。煤阶及变质作用类型决定微裂隙和内生裂隙的发育程度。高温低压变质条件下形成的中高变质煤中，微裂隙和内生裂隙最发育。构造作用可以改造煤储层中的孔隙和微裂隙，但通常以影响煤储层中的外生节理发育最为明显。地下流体充填煤储层的孔隙、裂隙系统。其中地下稠性有机流体主要充填微裂隙和部分孔隙。岩浆气液挥发物在改造部分原有孔隙的同时，充填内生裂隙和部分微裂隙。含有无机沉积物的溶液主要充填外生节理和部分内生裂隙。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘晚古生代含煤岩系沉积体系和聚煤作用的时空演化

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘晚古生代含煤岩系包括本溪组、晋祠组、太原组和山西组,依据海相层的发育和沉积物粒度变化,自下而上可划分为10个区域上稳定的旋回。这些旋回属它旋回成因,主要受控于区域性海平面的变化。第Ⅰ～Ⅲ旋回为本溪组和晋祠组,其沉积时开阔的海域位于研究区的北、中部,海水由东或北东方向侵入。研究区南部存在的古中条隆起使这两组的地层厚度自北向南减小,古地形向北倾。第Ⅳ～Ⅷ为海侵—海退旋回(太原组和山西组下段)开阔海域位于研究区南、中部,各期海相层由南、中部的灰岩向北变为泥灰岩、泥岩,在研究区北部最终尖灭。海水是从南东方向侵入的。各期海退碎屑沉积物由北部的河流沉积体系向南变为三角洲沉积体系,在南部为潮坪—潮道或沙坝体系,古海岸线逐渐南移。聚煤中心位于各期古岸线的附近或前方,并随时间的推移而向南移。     

Exploring the characteristics of major natural disasters in China and their impacts during the past decades

The exploration of the characteristics of natural disasters (NDs) and their impacts have important implications for guiding disaster prevention and mitigation. This paper discussed the characteristics of the major NDs that occurred in mainland China between 1980 and 2011 based on the number of disasters and fatalities, the affected population, and the resulting economic damages. We further examined the relationships between the level of social/economic development and the disaster losses. At last, we also explored the trend variations in disaster losses and losses expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product (losses/GDP) for 31 provinces in China over the period from 1990 to 2011. The results show that over the past three decades, the number of major NDs and the number of affected population appear to exhibit a detectable increasing trend, while the direct economic losses and the deaths show a slight increase trend. The correlations between the number of disasters and the economic losses as well as deaths and between the economic losses and socioeconomic status were not significant (p > 0.05), which indicates that the growth in the number of disasters do not result in a significant increase in the disaster losses. Further investigations demonstrate that as economies develop, there are fewer losses/GDP in China over the past two decades. The per capita accumulative losses and losses/GDP in the western and central regions were higher than that in the eastern parts of China. There are significant regional differences in the trends in disaster losses and losses/GDP in China. Statistics also indicate that more than 70 % provinces in underdeveloped regions show an increasing trend in disaster losses, whereas exceeding 90 % provinces exhibit a decreasing trend in their losses/GDP. These results suggest that the economic development may have played an important role in improving the capacity of disaster prevention and reduction.     

Salinity control on long-chain alkenone distributions in lake surface waters and sediments of the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

Long-chain alkenones in lacustrine settings are potentially excellent biomarkers for the reconstruction of past terrestrial environmental conditions, and have been found in many different types of lakes around the globe. A wider range of factors influence the occurrence and distribution of alkenones in lake sediments and waters when compared to marine systems. Lake environmental conditions, such as temperature (in particular) and salinity, are among the key factors controlling alkenone distributions in lacustrine settings. Here we investigated alkenone distribution patterns in lakes of the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, and their possible relationship with environmental conditions, by analyzing paired samples of suspended particulate matter in surface waters and surface sediments. Salinity of investigated lake waters ranges from almost 0 to ∼100 g/L, while temperature variation among the lakes is minimal, effectively eliminating temperature effects on the alkenone distribution patterns observed here. We show that (1) alkenone concentrations vary substantially between the lakes, yet controlling mechanisms remain elusive; (2) C₃₇/C₃₈ ratios are substantially lower in the lakes of the Qaidam Basin than in the Lake Qinghai region, probably indicating different alkenone producers in the two regions; and (3) large variations in %C_37:4 (the percentage of the C_37:4 alkenone), determined from both surface waters and sediments, are negatively correlated with salinity. We suggest that the %C_37:4 index could be used as a salinity indicator at least on a regional scale, with careful considerations of other potentially complicating factors. However, potential reasons for why salinity could significantly affect %C_37:4 values need further investigation.     

Holocene temperature fluctuations in the northern Tibetan Plateau

Arid Central Asia (ACA) lies on a major climatic boundary between the mid-latitude westerlies and the northwestern limit of the Asian summer monsoon, yet only a few high-quality reconstructions exist for its climate history. Here we calibrate a new organic geochemical proxy for lake temperature, and present a 45-yr-resolution temperature record from Hurleg Lake at the eastern margin of the ACA in the northern Tibetan Plateau. Combination with other proxy data from the same samples reveals a distinct warm–dry climate association throughout the record, which contrasts with the warm–wet association found in the Asian monsoon region. This indicates that the climatic boundary between the westerly and the monsoon regimes has remained roughly in the same place throughout the Holocene, at least near our study site. Six millennial-scale cold events are found within the past 9000 yr, which approximately coincide with previously documented events of northern high-latitude cooling and tropical drought. This suggests a connection between the North Atlantic and tropical monsoon climate systems, via the westerly circulation. Finally, we also observe an increase in regional climate variability after the mid-Holocene, which we relate to changes in vegetation (forest) cover in the monsoon region through a land-surface albedo feedback.     

使用语义数据识别多层次城市功能结构

针对城市功能结构认知的不足,空间规划的需求和可持续城市的转变,该文以城市大数据为依托,以交通小区为最小研究单元,提出一种利用电子地图POI数据与交通小区结合识别城市功能区的方法.把高等级道路划分交通小区作为最小研究单元,使用电子地图POI数据的标签,精细化识别交通小区的功能区属性,利用层次分析法识别城市主要功能结构.以上海市主城区为例进行实验,结果表明:①上海市主城区城市功能以市中心为圆心呈现明显层次性,商业用地、居住用地、工业用地依次分布;②以交通小区为研究单元,能够对复杂城市功能区进行有效识别.该方法有利于城市空间结构优化与规划的合理制定.     

A possible EGRET source with a two-sided radio jet structure on a parsec scale – 3EG J0808+5114

Recent observations have revealed that damped Lyα clouds (DLAs) host star formation activity. In order to examine if such star formation activity can be triggered by ionization fronts, we perform high-resolution hydrodynamics and radiative transfer simulations of the effect of radiative feedback from propagating ionization fronts on high-density clumps. We examine two sources of ultraviolet (UV) radiation field to which high-redshift ( z ∼ 3) galaxies could be exposed: one corresponding to the UV radiation originating from stars within the DLA, itself, and the other corresponding to the UV background radiation. We find that, for larger clouds, the propagating I-fronts created by local stellar sources can trigger cooling instability and collapse of significant part, up to 85 per cent, of the cloud, creating conditions for star formation in a time-scale of a few Myr. The passage of the I-front also triggers collapse of smaller clumps (with radii below ∼4 pc), but in these cases the resulting cold and dense gas does not reach conditions conducive to star formation. Assuming that 85 per cent of the gas initially in the clump is converted into stars, we obtain a star formation rate of  ∼0.25 M_⊙ yr⁻¹ kpc⁻²  . This is somewhat higher than the value derived from recent observations. On the other hand, the background UV radiation which has harder spectrum fails to trigger cooling and collapse. Instead, the hard photons which have long mean free-path heat the dense clumps, which as a result expand and essentially dissolve in the ambient medium. Therefore, the star formation activity in DLAs is strongly regulated by the radiative feedback, both from the external UV background and internal stellar sources and we predict quiescent evolution of DLAs (not starburst-like evolution).     

Regional moisture source changes inferred from late holocene stable isotope records

Qinghai Lake, China, is located near the northern limit of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） and thus is an ideal region for studies of past monsoonal changes. However, isotope records from this region reflect the combined effects of multiple climatic factors, and make climatic interpretations difficult. The authors use multi-proxy records, generated from the same sediment core from Qinghai Lake, to disentangle these multiple effects in isotope records and to infer EASM variability during the late Holocene. Records of leaf wax （C2s） δD, lake carbonate 5180 and the Dunde ice core δ18O all indicate a millennial-scale depletion of mean isotopic values at -1500-1250 years before present. Compared with independent lake temperature and salinity records, the authors suggest that this depletion of long-term mean isotopic values must have resulted from changes in moisture sources in this region. In contrast, the authors attribute high-frequency （centennial timescale） C2s δD and ice core δ18O variability dominantly to a temperature effect. The multiproxy records provide a coherent picture in that many aspects of this regional climate （temperature, dryness, and moisture source） are strongly linked to the EASM variability.     

内蒙古自治区阿拉善左旗腾格里工业园区供水水文地质详查数据集

2011年内蒙古自治区阿拉善左旗腾格里工业园区供水水文地质详查数据集是对内蒙古自治区地质调查院承担的“内蒙古自治区阿拉善左旗腾格里工业园区供水水文地质详查”项目提供的钻孔抽水试验成果（12个钻孔点）、地下水水化学成果（40个水样）、岩土样试验成果（102个岩土样）、地下水位统测（35个测试点）四组数据整理而得。其中,钻孔抽水试验成果数据主要包括水位埋深、静止水位标高、水位降深、涌水量、渗透系数、导水系数、矿化度等;地下水水化学成果数据主要包括游离CO₂、H₂SiO₃、溶解性固体、总硬度、总碱度、Ph值等;岩土样试验成果数据主要包括给水度、含盐量、颗粒组成等;地下水位统测主要包括取水层位、含水层顶底板埋深、水位埋深、水位标高、水利性质等内容。通过校核和验证,所有结果均在误差范围之内。对于地表水资源贫乏地区,围绕该地区对水资源的需求,以选择供水水源地为勘查目的,为科学合理的利用地下水资源提供依据,保证经济和生态环境的可持续发展。为了更好地利用这些数据,采用国内规范的数据处理方法和原则,对试验数据进行整理和质量控制。