Migration and enrichment of trace elements of Lower Palaeozoic carbonate rock strata in Beijing

Analyses of trace elements of the Lower Palaeozoic carbonate rock strata in Beijing show that the contents of As, Hg, F increase from primary carbonate rocks to weathered carbonate rocks and from primary carbonate rocks to the soil coexisting with carbonate rocks, but the distribution regularity of S is not obvious. In the whole weathered stages, the sorption of As is mainly affected by Fe2O3. In soil Fe2O3 is also the main affecting factor of Hg enrichment. The main existing forms of Hg in primary carbonate rocks should simply be physical adsorption, coprecipitation and false isomorphous form between surface of carbonate rock and Hg. In soil the enrichment of F has little relationship with sul-fides and Fe2O3. In primary carbonate rocks, F is mainly absorbed by sulfides and clay minerals, etc. Weathered samples have closer genetic relationships with primary carbonate rocks. This also implies that weathered carbonate rocks have the close existing forms to that of primary carbonate rocks. In primary carbonate rocks FeS2 and FeS are the main forms of S, and sulfides have fixation effect on some heavy metals, whereas in weathered carbonate rocks and soil the fixation effect is weakened.     

Real-time seismology for the 05/12/2008 Wenchuan earthquake of China: A retrospective view

The devastating 05/12/2008 Wenchuan earthquake (M_w7.9) in Sichuan Province of China showed very few precursory phenomena and occurred on a fault system once assigned to be of moderate long term seismic risk. Given the existing coverage of seismograph stations in Sichuan Province, real-time seismology could have been effective in avoiding some earthquake damage and helping post-earthquake emergency response. In a retrospective view, we demonstrated that the epicenter can be located with 20 km accuracy using just two broadband stations with three-component, which takes only about 10 s after the onset of the earthquake. Initial magnitude is estimated to be M7 with the Tc measurement over first 4 seconds of P waves. Better magnitude estimate can be obtained within 2 min by modeling Pnl waves for stations about 500 km away where the S waveforms are clipped. The rupture area is well revealed by teleseismically-recorded >M5 early aftershocks within two hours after the mainshock. Within a few hours, teleseismic body waves were inverted to derive a more detailed rupture process and the finite fault model can be readily used to calculate ground motions, thus providing vital information for rescue efforts in the case where no real-time strong motion records are available. Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-116-1) and National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2006BAC03B00)     

某地红砂岩多轴受力状态蠕变松弛特性试验研究

与岩石单轴蠕变松弛试验研究相比,多轴的研究结果很少,这一现状的结果是岩石的三维蠕变松弛模型基本是其单轴模型的简单推广,缺乏试验资料的佐证。为了积累宝贵数据,推动岩石多轴蠕变松施模型的发展,利用广东某地的红砂岩开展了以下试验研究：(1) 不同围压下岩石的蠕变松弛特性;(2) 二向受力状态下岩石的蠕变松弛特性;(3) 多轴受力时,饱水和风干状态下岩石蠕变松弛特性的对比。总结、分析试验结果,获取了该种红砂岩多轴蠕变松弛特性的一些基本规律或现象,如：轴压相同时,侧压越高,蠕变量越小;当围压相同、时间相同时,应力 越高,则 的松弛量也越大。这些结果对于岩石力学的基础研究及现场施工设计均具有较大意义。     

沙漠绿洲多功能高分子植物生长调节剂籽瓜增产和品质改善研究

选择适合当地土壤和生态环境特点的优质高产籽瓜品种——新籽瓜1号,进行甘肃省武威市民勤沙漠绿洲多功能高分子植物生长调节剂籽瓜根部追施增产和品质改善试验研究。结果显示,施用产品不但有利于籽瓜的营养和生殖生长,增加瓜径3%~5%、提高产量11.5%,而且显著改善籽瓜的品质,提高其粗蛋白和维生素B1、B2含量,分别比对照增加1.80%和29.41%、14.29%,因而产生较好的经济效益,净增产值358.95~580.95元·hm-2。     

长白山天池火山全新世大喷发挥发性气体释放量的分析和估算

火山喷发是地球上一种壮观的自然景象 ,火山喷发的同时一般都喷出气体 ,火山爆炸式喷发时巨量的气体被喷入空中 ,对全球气候造成较大影响。长白山天池火山于全新世发生过两次较大的爆炸式喷发 ,根据本文的分析和估算 ,后一次即天池火山公元 1199～ 12 0 1年的那次大喷发 ,逃逸到空中的挥发气体含量分别为 :CO2 约 (0 .31～ 1.5 6 )× 10 8t,S(主要是 H2 S和 SO2 )约 1.96× 10 7t,F2 约 7.86× 10 6 t,Cl2 约 (0 .78～ 6 .2 4)× 10 7t,对全球气候曾产生过重要影响     

夏季欧亚阻塞高压逐日演变的定量化分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 1998-06～1998-08逐日500 hPa高度场资料,对夏季欧亚阻塞高压的逐日演变作了定量化研究.结果发现,利用纬偏值作为基本量可以计算出乌拉尔山地区(25～80°E)、贝加尔湖地区(80～125°E)、鄂霍茨克海地区(125～170°E)3个区域阻塞高压的面积指数,该特征值能很好地揭示1998年夏季阻塞高压强度和位置变化的逐日演变特征,并且与我国1998年夏季降水的分布有重要的联系.     

受孕地幔的熔融模型在火山岛弧成岩作用中的应用

结合现代火山岛弧资料的模拟,受孕地幔熔融模型的应用成果可概括以下几点,与活动陆缘之弧后盆地伴生的洋内弧主要派生自员的受孕的大洋中脊玄武岩地幔（ｆｅｒｔｉｌｅ ＭＯＲＢｍａｎｔｌｅ,简称ＦＭＭ）,它在早期熔融事件中已丢失了３％的熔体;亏损发生在尖晶石二辉橄榄央霜中以持把它与弧后盆地熔融事件相联系的模型,与弧后盆地不伴生的大洋岛弧主要派生自ＦＭＭ,不过富集岩浆源在局部可能起重要作用,内陆弧一般激生自富集地幔,可能是因为有陆下岩石圈混入,在薄层地壳上的洋内弧中,熔融程度可能很高（约２５％～３０％）,而在岩石圈较厚的地区熔融量则减至１５％或更少,挥发分加入到地幔中诱发的熔融约占１０％,余者则是由减压作用所引起的。     

潮汐水域中污水侧向排放的数值模拟

基于N-S方程,采用深度平均的应力-通量代数全场模型,模拟流场及热水或污染物侧向排入大水体的各向异性的输移扩散规律。模型中采用深度平均的连续、动量、浓度方程进行潮汐流动的数值模拟计算,潮流采用非对称潮流,模拟结果给出了一个周期内流场、污染物浓度场随时间的变化特征。所得的数值结果与他人的模型实验结果非常一致,而较其他结果更合理,说明本模型的合理性和可靠性。     

Estimating aboveground biomass using Pléiades satellite image in a karst watershed of Guizhou Province,Southwestern China

Biomass in karst terrain has rarely been measured because the steep mountainous limestone terrain has limited the ability to sample woody plants.Satellite observation, especially at high spatial resolution, is an important surrogate for the quantification of the biomass of karst forests and shrublands. In this study, an artificial neural network(ANN) model was built using Pléiades satellite imagery and field biomass measurements to estimate the aboveground biomass(AGB) in the Houzhai River Watershed, which is a typical plateau karst basin in Central Guizhou Province, Southwestern China. A back-propagation ANN model was also developed.Seven vegetation indices, two spectral bands of Pléiades imagery, one geomorphological parameter,and land use/land cover were selected as model inputs. AGB was chosen as an output. The AGB estimated by the allometric functions in 78 quadrats was utilized as training data(54 quadrats, 70%),validation data(12 quadrats, 15%), and testing data(12 quadrats, 15%). Data-model comparison showed that the ANN model performed well with an absolute root mean square error of 11.85 t/ha, which was 9.88%of the average AGB. Based on the newly developed ANN model, an AGB map of the Houzhai River Watershed was produced. The average predicted AGB of the secondary evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest, which is the dominant forest type in the watershed, was 120.57 t/ha. The average AGBs of the large distributed shrubland,tussock, and farmland were 38.27, 9.76, and 11.69 t/ha, respectively. The spatial distribution pattern ofthe AGB estimated by the new ANN model in the karst basin was consistent with that of the field investigation. The model can be used to estimate the regional AGB of karst landscapes that are distributed widely over the Yun-Gui Plateau.