Curve matching approaches to waveform classification: a case study using ICESat data

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) waveforms are being increasingly used in many forest and urban applications, especially for ground feature classification. However, most studies relied on either discretizing waveforms to multiple returns or extracting shape metrics from waveforms. The direct use of the full waveform, which contains the most comprehensive and accurate information has been scarcely explored. We proposed to utilize the complete waveform to test its ability to differentiate between objects having distinct vertical structures using curve matching approaches. Two groups of curve matching approaches were developed by extending methods originally designed for pixel-based hyperspectral image classification and object-based high spatial image classification. The first group is based on measuring the curve similarity between an unknown waveform and a reference waveform, including curve root sum squared differential area (CRSSDA), curve angle mapper (CAM), and Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence. The second group assesses the curve similarity between an unknown and reference cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of their waveforms, including cumulative curve root sum squared differential area (CCRSSDA), cumulative curve angle mapper (CCAM), and Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) distance. When employed to classify open space, trees, and buildings using ICESat waveform data, KL provided the highest average classification accuracy (87%), closely followed by CCRSSDA and CCAM, and they all significantly outperformed KS, CRSSDA, and CAM based on 15 randomized sample sets.     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔榴辉岩中石榴石和绿辉石原位激光探针分析及其成岩成矿指示意义

本文以中国大陆科学钻探主孔0～2000m岩芯中的榴辉岩为对象,运用EMPA和LA-ICP-MS技术,系统测定了榴辉岩中石榴石和绿辉石的主量与微量元素组成,并据此讨论了它们的成岩成矿意义.研究结果表明,CCSD主孔榴辉岩中石榴石富重稀土和Sc、Y、Co,而绿辉石则富中稀土和Pb、Sr、V,石榴石和绿辉石的高场强元素(特别是Nb、Ta)含量均很低.石榴石存在不同程度的Ce负异常,指示榴辉岩的形成过程中卷入有地表氧化条件下形成的风化沉积物.石榴石具有低的Zr/Y比值,绿辉石普遍具有高的Sr含量,这些特征说明榴辉岩(特别是高钛榴辉岩)的原岩可能为遭受过壳源物质混染与交代的富集地幔部分熔融的产物.高钛与低钛榴辉岩中石榴石和绿辉石在主量及微量元素组成上存在一定差别,总体而言,高钛榴辉岩中石榴石具高的MgO含量和较高的MgO/TFeO比值,以及较高的稀土和Sc含量,而绿辉石则相对富TFeO、MnO,并具有较高的Sr、Zr、Hf含量.高钛榴辉岩中石榴石和绿辉石常出现不同程度的Eu正异常,Cr含量均显著低于低钛榴辉岩.综合分析表明,高钛榴辉岩的原岩最可能为富斜长石的辉长质侵入岩,原岩组成的差异应是导致二类榴辉岩中石榴石和绿辉石矿物化学组成存在差异的主要原因.     

基于DEM的气温插值方法研究

以甘肃河东为研究区,利用河东及周边的82个气象站点1971~2004年的月平均气温数据,结合数字高程模型(DEM),在分析平均气温与经度、纬度、海拔高度、坡度、坡向地形要素相关关系基础上,提出了一种基于DEM的多元线性回归空间插值方法(MLR),并与传统的反距离平方法(IDS)、样条函数法(SPLINE)和普通克里金法(OK)进行了精度比较.精度验证结果显示:无论从误差大小还是从插值效果上,考虑了地形要素的MLR方法均优于传统的插值方法.最后,基于MLR插值方法生成84 m×84 m甘肃河东地区月平均气温栅格数据集.平均气温结果表明:河东各月平均气温大致呈现由东南向西北逐渐降低的空间格局,且平均气温的季节内波动差异较大.其中,夏季气温的波动幅度最小,波动幅度自西向东减弱;冬季次之,有自北向南减弱的趋势;春季和秋季较大,有自西南向东北降低的趋势.     

煤矸石制作轻质莫来石砖研究

本文研究了利用煤矸石生产高档轻质莫来石砖的可行性，实验研究表明，在煅烧后的煤矸石中加入部分工业氧化铝粉，一起混磨至８００目筛余小于５％，再经加有机质成型和１５５０℃×５小时煅烧，可制成物相及各种性能指标达到从德国进口轻质莫来石砖的制品。     

中国地幔岩包体的研究现状及今后研究对策探讨

在系统回顾地幔岩包体的研究简史及研究现状的基础上,对我国地幔岩包体今后的研究对策进行了探讨。认为我国地幔岩包体今后的研究工作应重视地幔岩包体形成演化过程中压力（ｐ）、温度（Ｔ）、环境（Ｅ）和时代（ｔ）的综合制约作用,定量模拟地幔岩包体的形成过程,最终建立地幔岩包体形成演化的ｐＴＥｔ模式。     

郑州市区断裂深循环型地热资源计算与评价

地热资源是一利用前景广阔的新型清洁环保能源。对郑州市区断裂深循环型热储模型进行了分析,采用积存热量法（体积法）对断裂深循环型地热资源进行了计算与评价,最后提出建议：建议河南省加大地热资源勘查投入力度,严格执行有关行业标准,进行系统的地热勘查评价工作。     

Stationary phase approximation in the ambient noise method revisited

The method of extracting Green's function between stations from cross correlation has proven to be effective theoretically and experimentally.It has been widely applied to surface wave tomography of the crust and upmost mantle.However,there are still controversies about why this method works.Snieder employed stationary phase approximation in evaluating contribution to cross correlation function from scatterers in the whole space,and concluded that it is the constructive interference of waves emitted by the scatterers near the receiver line that leads to the emergence of Green's function.His derivation demonstrates that cross correlation function is just the convolution of noise power spectrum and the Green's function.However,his derivation ignores influence from the two stationary points at infinities,therefore it may fail when attenuation is absent.In order to obtain accurate noise-correlation function due to scatters over the whole space,we compute the total contribution with numerical integration in polar coordinates.Our numerical computation of cross correlation function indicates that the incomplete stationary phase approximation introduces remarkable errors to the cross correlation function,in both amplitude and phase,when the frequency is low with reasonable quality factor Q.Our results argue that the distance between stations has to be beyond several wavelengths in order to reduce the influence of this inaccuracy on the applications of ambient noise method,and only the station pairs whose distances are above several (5) wavelengths can be used.     

内蒙古达里诺尔火山群火山地貌特征及火山岩岩石学特点

在内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟与赤峰交界处、达里湖的西北部有一群第四纪火山,数目达上百座,多数为中心式或裂隙-中心式喷发,形成相对高度在50~130m之间的火山锥,它们被称为"达里诺尔火山群",也是世界上海拔较高的火山群之一。因锥体形成后受风化、流水侵蚀等外力作用,多数火山锥已受剥蚀,但相对较新的火山还保留着完整的火山机构,包括火山渣锥、火山口、降落和溅落堆积物、塌陷坑、熔岩流、喷气锥等。达里诺尔火山锥体多由火山碎屑物组成,熔岩则流动迭加在早期形成的多级熔岩台地之上,分布总面积约3100km2,与其它火山岩共同组成了广阔的内蒙古高原。火山区整体呈四周低、中间阶梯状隆起的台地地形,按高程可分为四个阶梯,高度分别为1280m、1360m、1440m和1500m。熔岩台地的展布和火山锥的分布均呈东西走向的条带状,火山群的整体分布主要受东西向天山-阴山基底断裂和北东向大兴安岭-太行山断裂的双重影响,与大地构造关系密切。本群火山锥体虽然大小不一、形态各异,但按锥体形态可将火山锥分为截顶单锥形、复合型、盾形和残余型等四类,其剥蚀程度有明显差异,暗示了火山喷发活动时代的先后关系。锥形及复合型火山位于火山群中部,而盾形火山多沿台地边部分布,残余形火山则分布广泛,表明台地边部火山形成时间较早,晚期火山活动集中于台地中部,而更早期造台地的溢流式拉斑玄武岩喷发规模更大,形成本区基底。达里诺尔火山岩的岩性主要为碧玄岩和碱性玄武岩,少量为粗面玄武岩,虽然SiO_2变化范围较大,但全碱含量变化幅度相对较小,均属钾质系列的碱性火山岩范畴。火山岩斑晶数量少,在镜下为斑状结构,基质多为隐晶质,少量微晶质,明显不同于火山岩之下早期熔岩台地火山岩的基质显晶质结构。火山岩的微量元素呈LREE富集、HREE亏损的右倾型,显示了岩浆低度部分熔融的特征,并且本区与邻区火山岩可能有共同或相似的岩浆源。在岩性相近的基础上,结合火山锥体剥蚀和保留程度显示的火山活动相对时序,暗示本区岩浆成分从碱性玄武质和粗面玄武质逐渐演化为碧玄质,岩浆可能来自软流圈,且来源逐渐变深。     

洱海四种沉水植物对弱光环境的适应性比较

水下弱光环境是水生态系统沉水植被恢复面临的常见问题,因此研究沉水植物在弱光胁迫下的适应性是必要的.本研究以云南大理州洱海南部重度退化的湖区(惯称湖心平台,曾分布有大面积沉水植物)作为实验地点,选取4种沉水植物——苦草(Vallisneria natans)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、穗花狐...