定位参数抗差估计的无偏性

根据抗差估计中误差的最基本假设—对称分布 ,考虑到ρ函数的条件及把反对称估计作为抗差估计计算迭代的初始值 ,验证了定位参数的抗差估计值也一定是反对称估计 ,满足无偏性条件 ,得到定位参数的抗差估计是无偏估计。     

定位参数抗差估计的无偏性

根据抗差估计中误差的最基本假设一对称分布,考虑到ρ函数的条件及把反对称估计作为抗差估计计算迭代的初始值,验证了定位参数的抗差估计值也一定是反对称估计,满足无偏性条件,得到定位参数的抗差估计是无偏估计.     

中外气象台站历史沿革数据文件比较分析

着重介绍中外气象台站历史沿革数据文件的内容和格式,并将我国研究制定的《气象台站历史沿革数据文件格式》标准的基本内容与全球气候观测系统(GCOS)和美国国家气候资料中心(NCDC)的台站沿革项目内容进行了比较和分析。我国的气象台站历史沿革数据文件格式和内容的选择充分参考了国外相关文件,既具有国际通用性,能够满足国际资料交换所需要的台站沿革信息,又具有业务实用性,能够满足气象数据分析和应用业务需求。     

红土型金矿床综述(英文)

近二十年来 ,热带地区普遍存在的红土型风化作用及其对矿床与矿化带的影响引起了普遍的关注。红土型风化壳的主要矿物成分是以铁铝的氧化物及氢氧化物和粘土矿物为主 ,如针铁矿、赤铁矿、铝土矿、高岭石及石英等 ,与其未风化的母岩相比 ,含有相当高的铁和铝。红土型风化过程中 ,易溶元素均不同程度地被淋滤 ,而难溶元素则相对富集。红土型金矿床就是在这样强烈的风化作用中由原生的金矿化带进一步富集而成 ,并可形成极富的矿体。金矿体常常赋存于风化壳的上部 ,易于露天开采。目前 ,在澳大利亚、巴西、巴布亚新几内亚、印度以及非洲的一些国家均发现了红土型金矿床。红土型风化剖面一般可分为 5个特征带 ,由上而下为 :表土带、铁质带、斑点带、浅色带、腐岩带 ,下面即为未风化的母岩 ,金矿体主要赋存于铁质带和斑点带中。红土型风化壳厚度变化很大 ,薄则几米 ,厚可达数百米。金在风化过程中往往向矿化带两侧运移 ,矿体常呈上宽下窄状。次生金常呈自形晶、树枝晶、浑圆状及不规则状产出 ,并常常与铁质结核共生。一般地说 ,次生金的成色很高 ,因为红土型风化作用常常是在氧化并且酸性的地球化学环境中进行 ,金和银主要以氯化物的形式运移 ,局部地球化学环境的变化可导致金的沉淀 ,而银的氯化物则较稳定 ,?     

Stabilization of extracellular polymeric substances (Bacillus subtilis) by adsorption to and coprecipitation with Al forms

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are continuously produced by bacteria during their growth and metabolism. In soils, EPS are bound to cell surfaces, associated with biofilms, or released into solution where they can react with other solutes and soil particle surfaces. If such reaction results in a decrease in EPS bioaccessibility, it may contribute to stabilization of microbial-derived organic carbon (OC) in soil. Here we examined: (i) the chemical fractionation of EPS produced by a common Gram positive soil bacterial strain (Bacillus subtilis) during reaction with dissolved and colloidal Al species and (ii) the resulting stabilization against desorption and microbial decay by the respective coprecipitation (with dissolved Al) and adsorption (with Al(OH)_3(am)) processes. Coprecipitates and adsorption complexes obtained following EPS-Al reaction as a function of pH and ionic strength were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The stability of adsorbed and coprecipitated EPS against biodegradation was assessed by mineralization experiments for 1100 h. Up to 60% of the initial 100 mg/L EPS-C was adsorbed at the highest initial molar Al:C ratio (1.86), but this still resulted only in a moderate OC mass fraction in the solid phase (17 mg/g Al(OH)_3(am)). In contrast, while coprecipitation by Al was less efficient in removing EPS from solution (maximum values of 33% at molar Al:C ratios of 0.1-0.2), the OC mass fraction in the solid product was substantially larger than that in adsorption complexes. Organic P compounds were preferentially bound during both adsorption and coprecipitation. Data are consistent with strong ligand exchange of EPS phosphoryl groups during adsorption to Al(OH)_3(am), whereas for coprecipitation weaker sorption mechanisms are also involved. X-ray photoelectron analyses indicate an intimate mixing of EPS with Al in the coprecipitates, which is not observed in the case of EPS adsorption complexes. The incubation experiments showed that both processes result in overall stabilization of EPS against microbial decay. Stabilization of adsorbed or coprecipitated EPS increased with increasing molar Al:C ratio and biodegradation was correlated with EPS desorption, implying that detachment of EPS from surface sites is a prerequisite for microbial utilization. Results indicate that the mechanisms transferring EPS into Al-organic associations may significantly affect the composition and stability of biomolecular C, N and P in soils. The observed efficient stabilization of EPS might explain the strong microbial character of organic matter in subsoils.     

Comprehensive Marine Observing Experiment Based on High-Altitude Large Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(South China Sea Experiment2020 of the “Petrel Project”)

In collaboration with 12 other institutions, the Meteorological Observation Center of the China Meteorological Administration undertook a comprehensive marine observation experiment in the South China Sea using the Yilong-10 high-altitude large unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV). The Yilong-10 UAV carried a self-developed dropsonde system and a millimeter-wave cloud radar system. In addition, a solar-powered unmanned surface vessel and two drifting buoys were used. The experiment was further supported by an intelligent, reciprocating horizontal drifting radiosonde system that was deployed from the Sansha Meteorological Observing Station, with the intent of producing a stereoscopic observation over the South China Sea. Comprehensive three-dimensional observations were collected using the system from 31 July to2 August, 2020. This information was used to investigate the formation and development processes of Typhoon Sinlaku(2020). The data contain measurements of 21 oceanic and meteorological parameters acquired by the five devices, along with video footage from the UAV. The data proved very helpful in determining the actual location and intensity of Typhoon Sinlaku(2020). The experiment demonstrates the feasibility of using a high-altitude, large UAV to fill in the gaps between operational meteorological observations of marine areas and typhoons near China, and marks a milestone for the use of such data for analyzing the structure and impact of a typhoon in the South China Sea. It also demonstrates the potential for establishing operational UAV meteorological observing systems in the future, and the assimilation of such data into numerical weather prediction models.     

利用探空资料计算水汽压

利用L波段探空资料的相对湿度值及温度值计算水汽压时,由于探空测量的是相对于水面的相对湿度,只能用相对于水面的饱和水汽压公式来计算,低温时用相对于冰面的饱和水汽压公式计算水汽压可能不正确.对水相和冰相的不同处理所带来的偏差进行了分析和讨论.以CIMO规定的温度-45℃和0℃为界,分别计算了用相对于冰面的饱和水汽压公式和相对于水面的饱和水汽压公式得到的水汽压值,并进行了比较.结果表明,在计算实际水汽压的过程中,用不同的饱和水汽压公式所产生的绝对偏差虽然不大,但相对偏差最大可能达到50％,不容忽视,对确定对流层上部的气候效应可能产生影响.     

区域暴雨增强数值预报业务系统及其预报效果分析

该文介绍了区域暴雨增强数值预业务系统的设计思想，主体结构及主要的关键技术，并总结了该系统业务试验的情况和效果。该系统以ＹＨ模式为基础，对其从坐标系、水平和垂直分辨率及物理过程等方面进行了改进，并结合实时资料处理系统，图形处理等形成了一个比较完整的数值预报业务体系。     

一次弓形回波的多普勒雷达资料分析

利用齐河CINRAD／SA多普勒雷达产品，对2006年7月5日强对流天气过程进行分析。结果表明：VWP可分析雷达测站风场的时空分布和冷暖平流变化情况，是高空探空资料的有益补充；弓形回波在对流单体合并过程中生成发展，顶部回波最强，并具有超级对流单体特征；外流边界是大风发生时的显著特征；当回波强度〉50dBz，且垂直液态含水量≥35kg·m^-2时，有利于产生冰雹和大风；弓形回波具有持久产生中气旋的能力，中气旋一般产生在弓形回波顶部，且多数会造成冰雹大风天气；当中气旋同时满足两个条件，即风切变≥47×10^-3s^-1，并且底高≤3．0km时，将造成雷击灾害性天气。     

影响南极海洋石油烃低温降解菌希瓦氏菌NJ49生长和降解率的环境因素研究

以柴油为唯一碳源和能源,从南极海水海冰微生物资源库中筛选到一株石油烃低温降解菌希瓦氏菌NJ49,并对影响其生长和降解率的环境因素(pH、温度、盐度、营养盐和表面活性剂)进行了初步研究。结果表明:希瓦氏菌NJ49可作为低温海域石油烃污染生物修复的菌源,其生长和降解的最适条件为:初始pH7.5,温度15℃,盐度6%,摇瓶装量80ml,最佳氮源硝酸铵,最佳磷源为磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢二钾的混合物,添加表面活性剂可促进希瓦氏菌NJ49的生长和生物降解率。