Investigating soil thermodynamic parameters of the active layer on the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The soil thermodynamic parameters, including thermal conductivity, diffusivity and volumetric capacity within the active layer on the northern Tibetan Plateau, were calculated using the measured data of soil temperature gradient, heat flux, and moisture at four stations from October 2003 to September 2004. The results showed that the soil thermodynamic parameters exhibited clear seasonal fluctuation. The thermal conductivity and diffusivity in summer and autumn at Beiluhe, Kexinling, and Tongtianhe were larger than those in winter. The volumetric thermal capacity causes an opposite change; it was larger in autumn and winter than in summer. In spring, the soil thermal conductivity at the Kekexili station was larger than that in summer. Generally, fine-grained soils and lower saturation degrees in the topsoil might be a reason for the lower soil thermal conductivity in winter. For a given soil, soil moisture was the main factor influencing the thermodynamic parameters. The unfrozen water content that existed in frozen soils greatly affected the soil thermal conductivity, whose contribution rate was estimated to be 55 %. The thermodynamic parameters of frozen soils could be expressed as a function of soil temperature, volumetric ice content and soil salinity, while for the unfrozen ground the soil moisture content is the dominant factor for those thermal parameters. As for the soil thermal diffusivity, there exists a critical value of soil moisture content. When the soil moisture content becomes less than a critical value, the soil thermal diffusivity increases as the soil moisture content rises.     

无锡马山抽水蓄能电站地面厂房边坡稳定性分析

以无锡马山抽水蓄能电站地面厂房建筑过程中形成的人工边坡为例,在对其工程地质剖面分析并找出可能的滑动模式后,利用极限平衡法和有限元法分析了4个典型地质剖面的稳定性安全系数以及应力应变关系。结果表明,通过对该边坡的极限平衡法得到了2-2剖面的安全系数和通过有限元法得到的计算结果比较接近,且都满足相关规范的要求;坡体的最大位移发生在高程为－20 m和－5.0 m附近,其值为－22 mm;最大主应力位于高程－45.0 m处,值为0.134 MPa;最小主应力位于坡内深处,其值为－6.22 MPa。同时,提出了下一阶段应考虑时间效应,对边坡的变形进行分析。     

高温高盐高黏油藏缔合聚合物-表面活性剂二元驱技术

针对大港油田孔南地区高温、高盐、中低渗、稠油等制约化学驱提高采收率的瓶颈技术问题,以官109 1断块枣Ⅴ油组为目标油藏,在优选适合缔合聚合物和表面活性剂基础上,进行聚合物-表面活性剂二元驱技术室内实验和现场应用研究。通过室内实验优选,缔合聚合物AP P7和表面活性剂BHS 01二元体系溶液与常规体系相比,具有较好的耐温抗盐性,拓展了常规二元驱适用油藏的温度和矿化度范围;缔合聚合物经过岩心剪切后仍能够有效建立阻力系数和残余阻力系数;通过岩心驱替实验,体系能有效提高稠油油藏的采收率,拓宽了聚合物驱适用的原油黏度范围;矿场单井试注后,注入井注入压力和启动压力升高,纵向吸水剖面得到改善,说明该体系在高温高盐条件下仍能保持较高黏度,能够有效改善水油流度比,效果明显。     

西藏拉萨地块盐湖石英闪长岩成因：锆石SHRIMP U- Pb年代学、地球化学及Sr- Nd- Pb- Hf同位素的制约

西藏阿里盐湖地区发育不同类型的火成岩,通常被认为形成于班公湖-怒江特提斯洋南向俯冲板片发生断离的构造背景。本文报道了盐湖石英闪长岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄,全岩地球化学以及Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素数据。盐湖石英闪长岩的锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为118.5±1.9Ma,属早白垩世晚期。石英闪长岩样品主量元素表现为富钠的钙碱性岩石系列,A/CNK值介于0.84～0.89之间,属准铝质。微量元素富集Rb、K、Th、U等大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE),强烈亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、P、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE)和重稀土元素(HREE),无明显的Eu异常(δEu=0.81～0.98),无白云母和碱性暗色矿物,属准铝质未分异的I型花岗岩。盐湖石英闪长岩的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i值为0.7045～0.7048,ε_(Nd)(t)值介于+0.5～+2.1之间,ε_(Hf)(t)值介于+7.9～+13之间,Hf同位素模式年龄t_(DM2)变化于283～674Ma之间。基于同位素以及岩石地球化学数据,表明盐湖石英闪长岩很可能是具亏损地幔印记的新生下地壳在角闪岩相发生部分熔融作用形成的。结合本文以及区域上的研究资料,盐湖石英闪长岩的形成时代和岩石地球化学特征与盐湖复式岩体中的花岗岩存在较大差异,具较低的锆石饱和温度(596～614℃),表明该岩体的形成尚未受到幔源物质上涌带来的热作用影响,很可能形成于板片断离前,班公湖-怒江特提斯洋持续南向俯冲的板片发生折返,俯冲角度变陡的深俯冲背景。     

阪神地震中大开地铁车站震害机制数值仿真分析

1995年阪神地震中,神户市的地下结构遭受了严重的破坏,尤其是地铁车站的破坏最为严重,其中大开地铁车站有一半以上的中柱发生坍塌,导致地面坍塌近2.5 m。对大开地铁车站的震害进行了全面地描述,基于大型商用有限元软件ABAQUS,采用在该软件上二次开发的土体非线性黏弹性动力本构模型模拟土在循环荷载作用下的动力特性,采用黏塑性动力损伤模型模拟混凝土在循环荷载作用下的拉、压应力-应变关系,对大开地铁车站的非线性地震反应进行了数值仿真分析,给出了破坏演化过程,把有限元分析的结果与大开地铁站的实际震害现象进行了对比,结果表明：数值仿真分析结果能够合理地解释大开地铁车站的主要震害现象,建模方法能够被用来进行地下结构的非线性地震反应分析。     

大通河盆地二叠系沉积相及铜矿化特征

大通河盆地为一上古生代—中新生代断陷盆地,沉积持续时间长,后期构造作用强烈。通过对盆地内二叠系沉积相及铜矿化特征分析,认为铜矿化物质来源于北祁连古陆核,经剥蚀—沉积形成了含铜二叠系陆相杂色砂岩,后期断裂构造及热液活动更加强化了铜矿化的作用。     

X射线荧光测井的井液效应及其校正

本文从Ｘ射线的性质，以及Ｘ射线与物质作用的机理出发，对井液效应进行了研究，并对其影响过程进行模拟。在理想井液模型上，推导出Ｘ射线活度与钻孔参数的数理关系。在此基础上，进一步研究得到了能适应野外多变情况的井液效应校正公式（ＣＢＷＥ）和方法。     

风暴尺度集合预报最优侧边界条件扰动方法设计:个例分析

考虑到全球预报模式与风暴尺度预报模式在分辨率上的显著差异,在构造风暴尺度集合预报系统的时候需要用一个中间分辨率的中尺度区域模式为风暴尺度模式提供侧边界条件扰动,但如何构造侧边界扰动才能更为有效地提高风暴尺度集合预报系统的预报能力目前仍然未知。本文基于WRF模式,通过一次个例试验设计了风暴尺度集合预报中的3种不同侧边界扰动方案,结果表明:直接通过0.5°水平分辨率全球集合预报扰动插值所得到的侧边界扰动(LBC_DOWN)在预报中可以获得较高的大尺度扰动能量,而在中尺度区域模式(本文中为模式外层)中通过ETKF循环所构造的侧边界条件扰动(LBC_CYCLE)包含较高的中小尺度能量,而将LBC_CYCLE中的中尺度扰动信息与LBC_DOWN中的大尺度扰动信息相混合所得到的混合侧边界扰动(LBC_BLEND)在大尺度能量上更接近于LBC_DOWN,在中小尺度能量上更接近于LBC_CYCLE;LBC_BLEND较前两种方案有着更好的离散度技巧表现;在降水概率预报技巧方面LBC_BLEND与LBC_CYCLE较为接近,且均优于LBC_DOWN。     

Verification and Assessment of Real-time Forecasts of Two Extreme Heavy Rain Events in Zhengzhou by Operational NWP Models

In the present study, the performances of the NWP models on two heavy rainfalls on 20 July and 22 August 2021 over Henan Province were investigated. The impacts of the water vapor transport to the extreme rainfall were further discussed. The results showed that the regional model system in the Guangzhou Meteorological Service generally showed high scores on the extreme rainfall over Henan. The maximum 24h accumulative rainfall by the 24h forecasts by the CMA-GD reached 556 mm over Henan Province. The 24-h and 48-h Threat Score (TS) of heavy rainfall reached 0.56 and 0.64. The comparisons of the Fraction Skill Score (FSS) verifications of the heavy rainfall by CMA-GD and CMA-TRAMS at the radium of 40km reached 0.96 and 0.87. The water vapor transport to the extreme rainfall showed that the vertically integrated water vapor transport (IVT) of the whole layer before the occurrence of the heavy rainfall exhibited a double-eyes distribution in case 7 · 20. The north eye over Henan reached the same magnitude of IVT as the typhoon eye (Cempaka) over south China. The IVT over the lower troposphere (<500 hPa) showed an overwhelming magnitude than the upper level, especially in the planetary boundary layer (<700 hPa). More practical technical needs to be developed to improve its performances on the forecasting of extreme rainfall, as well as more experiments need to be conducted to examine the effects of the specific terrain and physical schemes on the extreme rainfall.