An approach to studying heavy metal pollution caused by modern city development in Nanjing, China

 Nanjing is currently one of the fastest developing regions in terms of construction and economy in China. Heavy metal pollution is becoming more serious with the expansion of production and life scales. Four environmental units (highway, refinery, rubbish dumps associated with human daily life, and shoal of the Yangtse River) were selected from the region according to the geneses of the pollution to study and evaluate the distribution and mechanism of the contamination, the speciations of the polluting elements, and the geneses of the pollution in the soils and sediments. The purposes of the study are to understand generally the current situation and the cause of the pollution, and to provide a scientific basis to prevent and solve the pollution problem. At the same time, it would be helpful to probe the effective way of studying heavy metal pollution resulting from the development of modern cities and to accumulate data. It is indicated by the study that the heavy metals contained in the soil of the environmental unit of the highway are Pb, Co and Cr; in the soil of the refinery Cr, V, Pb, Ni, and Co; in the soil of the rubbish plot Co, Cu, and Sb; in the sediments of the shoal Pb, Co, Cu, and Ni. Fe-Mn oxide is given the first place to the speciations in polluting heavy metals transmitted by air. Carbonate is more in speciations of polluting heavy metals transmitted by water than in speciations of the metals transmitted by air. In the ten elements studied, Pb is most directly poisonous to the plants in the region; Co and Cu are the next, and Ni is the least. Heavy metal pollution has been occurring in the soils and sediments of the region and the situation will worsen if some effective measures are not taken. Received: 18 October 1997 · Accepted: 3 February 1998     

山西五台山地区照山一带基岩地球化学异常特征研究

本文通过五台山地区典型地段—照山一带基岩地球化学测量及异常特征的研究 ,并结合区域地质、构造等特征的综合分析 ,提出Au、Ag、Cu、Bi、As为区域金 (铜 )矿地球化学勘查的最佳指示元素组合 ;确定出三个较为重要的矿化带 (区 ) :一个是下龙宿沟—上龙宿沟铜—金矿化带 ,另一个是土岭铁建造金矿化带 ,第三个是台峪口金异常区 ;金矿化的形成受条带状铁建造的发育程度以及区域变质变形作用过程中热流体活动的叠加改造等共同制约。     

中国特色小镇空间分布特征及驱动机制研究

以国家发改委、财政部、住建部批准的403个中国特色小镇为研究样本,采用最邻近指数、地理集中指数、空间基尼系数、不平衡指数、核密度、空间自相关、局域关联指数等数理方法和空间分析手段,对特色小镇空间分布类型、空间均衡性、空间密度特征以及空间关联特征进行研究,并运用ArcGIS和SPSS分析驱动机制对其影响程度.研究表明:1...     

近50 年华南地区极端强降水频次的时空变化特征

利用华南地区110 个台站1961—2008 年逐日降水资料,采用百分位法定义各站极端强降水事件的阈值,运用线性回归、M-K 突变检验、正交函数分解(EOF)、旋转经验正交函数分解(REOF)等方法,对华南地区年极端强降水频次的时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明:在空间分布上,年极端强降水频次在华南中部较大、广东沿海和广西西部内陆较小;华南极端强降水频次有3 个主要的空间异常模态,一致性异常特征是华南极端强降水频次分布的最主要空间模态,而东、西反向和南、北反向变化模态也是比较重要的异常模态。在时间分布上,华南的极端强降水事件主要发生在夏半年,夏半年极端强降水频次占全年总频次的83.7%;1960 年代和1980 年代极端强降水频次较少,从1980 年代中后期起,极端强降水频次有由少变多的趋势。华南区域各站极端强降水频次气候倾向率不一致,除中部呈减少趋势外,其余大部呈上升趋势,华南区域各站极端强降水频次的平均序列也呈上升趋势,但上升趋势不显著。华南极端强降水频次从区域变化特征上可分为6 个主要区域,分别具有不同的年际变化趋势,其中有3 个区域的代表站先后发生了显著增多的突变现象。      

《测量学》教学实习的改革与实践

介绍了９５年至今我们对土建类专业测量教学实习的改革措施和积累的经验,它对相关专业的测量教学实习有一定的参考意义。     

联系参数函数不独立扩建网极大验后估计的方差分量估计公式

扩建网极大验后估计模型蕴含联系参数X2和扩建网观测量L2两个方差分量。将联系参数分解成函数不独立部分和函数独立部分,根据限制条件求出函数不独立部分代入扩建网观测方程消去不独立部分联系参数,推导了联系参数函数不独立扩建网极大验后估计的Helmert型、Welsch型和Forstner型方差分量估计。     

机载三维成像仪的定位原理与误差分析

本文论述了“机载三维成像仪”的定位原理,并在系统定位原理的基础上,详细讨论了与“机载三维成像仪”的对地定位精度有关的传感器的误差对系统定位精度的影响,这一问题的研究不仅对研制针对不同目的的激光地形制图系统的设计具有指导意义,而且对激光扫描制图系统的数据平差具有重要意义。     

精密补偿器水准仪受地球磁场影响的检测统计分析

根据精密补偿器水准仪受地球磁场影响的检测统计,证实了磁场对不同型号的补偿器水准仪有不同程度的影响。分析了受磁影响的主要原因,并提出防磁措施及应注意的一些问题。     

Characteristics and uranium mineralization of ore-bearing rock series in Qianjiadian sandstone-type uranium deposits,Songliao Basin

The Qianjiadian sandstone-type uranium deposit in Songliao Basin has become an ultra-large uranium deposit since its exploration and continuous development. The geological and metallogenic characteristics of this area have been studied widely since its discovery,but the detailed petrological features of its ore-bearing construction and favorable metallogenic conditions still require much detailed research. The mineralization of urnium deposit includes various geological processes resulting in the accumulation of uranium element. The source rock with high uranium concentration and much easier for the leaching of uranium is the basis of uranium mineralization. The later oxidation-reduction,mineral alteration are the key for the uranium deposits. In this paper,the petrological characteristic of lithology sandstone-type uranium deposit is studied by using the micro experimental analysis. It is found that the host rocks are primarily composed of medium-fine grained feldspar lithic sandstone,fine grained feldspar lithic sandstone,boulder-clay-bearing sandstone and glutenin. The amount of quartz and feldspar are close to the rock debris. The debris are mainly composed of rhyolite,rhyolitic tuff,and some trochyte,ayenite-aplite,granite,granite porphyry,andesite,silicalite and mudstone etc. the epigenetic alteration includes the carbonatization and kaolinization is general and intense at the local region,followed by the secondary epigenetic alteration includes pyritization,ferrugination and little baratization. Deep oil and gas infiltrate into the oil-bearing strata causing the oil stains,spots and spillage. The symbiosis of pyrite berry globule and micritic pyrite are common. The uranium element exists in the uranium-bearing minerals(e.g.,asphalt and coffinite)as well as the adsorbed state. The multi-genesis and multi-stages of the metallogenic model is established,i.e.,sedimentary preconcentration stage-interlayer infiltration stage-the oil and gas transformation stage-the oil and gas reduction stage.     

High resolution UAV image acquisition method and modeling practice for geological outcrop with a large slope

The observation on the outcrop in the field is one of the most direct and efficient methods to obtain the underground formation information, which provides the most direct first-hand geological data for geological science research. However, the traditional outcrop investigation, especially for the outcrop with a large slope and unreachable area, mainly relies on the inspection, measurement of the slope bottom, and photos to record outcrop information, making it difficult to accurately characterize the whole geological body. Consumer unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs) with the advantages of good mobility, strong adaptability and low cost, can obtain outcrop images from a short distance, multiple perspectives and varying heights. In this paper, the image acquisition method and model construction accuracy without control points available for the geological outcrop with a large slope are discussed. Consumer UAVs is used to capture images through vertical route and then the geological model is set up. The results show that oblique photogrammetry technology combined with consumer UAVs can effectively build a large slope geological outcrop model with millimeter resolution. The model has the characteristics of high resolution, uniform resolution and high measurement accuracy up to millimeter, which can effectively reduce the difficulty of field investigation and the personnel safety risk, thus it accurately reproduces the outcrop situation with large slope in the field, providing a real and reliable data basis for the section interpretation, analysis and measurement of large slope outcrop.