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Landsat时序变化检测综述

时序变化检测已成为当前Landsat数据主流的变化检测方法。本文从检测算法对比、时序数据构建和精度评价等方面对Landsat时序变化检测进行回顾和评述,进而提出Landsat时序变化检测当前所存在的问题,及其所面临的挑战。Landsat时序变化检测算法可大致归纳为轨迹拟合法、光谱-时间轨迹法、基于模型的方法3大类,这些算法大多基于森林扰动提出;变化检测常用指标有波段型、植被指数型、线性变换型、组合型4大类,每类指标的优势不同,可综合多类指标以更全面地检测不同扰动类型。尽管Landsat时序变化检测已取得长足发展,但仍然面临诸多挑战,其中最大挑战是缺少一致性的参考数据集进行变化检测精度评价。     

Early solar system aqueous activity: K isotope evidence from Allende

The alkali element K is moderately volatile and fluid mobile; thus, it can be influenced by both primary processes (evaporation and recondensation) in the solar nebula and secondary processes (thermal and aqueous alteration) in the parent body. Since these primary and secondary processes would induce different isotopic fractionations, K isotopes could become a potential tracer to distinguish them. Using recently developed methods with improved precision (0.05‰, 95% confidence interval), we systematically measured the K isotopic compositions and major/trace elemental compositions of chondritic components (18 chondrules, 3 CAIs, 2 matrices, and 5 bulks) in the carbonaceous chondrite fall Allende. Among all the components analyzed in this study, CAIs, which formed initially under high‐temperature conditions in the solar nebula and were dominated by nominally K‐free refractory minerals, have the highest K₂O content (average 0.53 wt%) and have K isotope compositions most enriched in heavy isotopes (δ⁴¹K: ?0.30 to ?0.25‰). Such an observation is consistent with previous petrologic studies that show CAIs in Allende have undergone alkali enrichment during metasomatism. In contrast, chondrules contain lower K₂O content (0.003–0.17 wt%) and generally lighter K isotope compositions (δ⁴¹K: ?0.87‰ to ?0.24‰). The matrix and bulks are nearly identical in K₂O content and K isotope compositions (0.02–0.05 wt%; δ⁴¹K: ?0.62 to ? 0.46‰), which are, as expected, right in the middle of CAIs and chondrules. This strongly indicates that most of the chondritic components of Allende suffered aqueous alteration and their K isotopic compositions are the ramification of Allende parent‐body processing instead of primary nebular signatures. Nevertheless, we propose the small K isotope fractionations observed (< 1‰) among Allende components are likely similar to the overall range of K isotopic fractionation that occurred in nebular environment. Furthermore, the K isotope compositions seen in the components of Allende in this study are consistent with MC‐ICP‐MS analyses of the components in ordinary chondrites, which also show an absence of large (10‰) isotope fractionations. This is not expected as evaporation experiments in nebular conditions suggest there should be large K isotopic fractionations. Nevertheless, possible nebular processes such as chondrules back exchanging with ambient gas when they formed could explain this lack of large K isotopic variation.     

Fish Assemblage Responses to a Low-head Dam Removal in the Lancang River

Dam removal is becoming an effective approach for aquatic biodiversity restoration in damming river in order to balance the aquatic ecosystem conservation with large-scale cascade damming. However, the effects of dam removal on fish communities in Asian mountainous rivers, which are dominated by Cypriniformes fishes, are still not well known. To determine whether dam removal on a mountainous river benefit restoration of fish diversity, we investigated the response of fish assemblage to dam removal using a before-after-control-impact design in two tributaries of the Lancang River(dam removal river: the Jidu River, and control river: the Fengdian River). Fish surveys were conducted one year prior to dam removal(2012) and three years(2013–2015) following dam removal. We observed rapidly and notably spatio-temporal changes in fish biodiversity metrics and assemblage structure, occurring in the Jidu River within the first year after dam removal. Overall, fish species richness, density and Shannon-Wiener diversity all increased immediately in above-and below-dam sites, and maintained a stable level in subsequent years, compared to unchanged situation in the control river. All sites in the Jidu River experienced shifts in fish composition after dam removal, with the greatest temporal changes occurred in sites below-and above-the former dam, resulting in a temporal homogenization tendency in the dam removed river. These findings suggest that dam removal can benefit the recovery of habitat conditions and fish community in Asian mountainous rivers, but the results should be further evaluated when apply to other dammed rivers since the dam age, fluvial geomorphology and situation of source populations could all affect the responses of fish assemblages.     

吉林四平孟家岭含钨花岗岩体锆石LA-ICP-MS年龄及其地质意义

孟家岭岩体是我国东北地区近年来发现的一个典型含钨花岗质岩体.为揭示该岩体成因及其与钨矿化关系,选取代表性岩石进行微量元素、稀土元素测试和定年研究.结果表明,该岩体富含W,Sn,Mo,Cu,Pb,As,Sb,Bi等热液成矿元素,具有典型Ⅰ型花岗岩的Rb/Sr比值;稀土元素组成特征表现为相时富集轻稀土元素和较弱δEu负异常,结合主量元素组成分析,认为该岩体具有深源特征,为区内W,Cu,Pb,Zn等成矿作用提供了丰富的物质基础.锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,与钨矿化关系密切的似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩中锆石206Pb/238U年龄为(165±4)Ma～(181±4)Ma(n=18),其加权平均年龄为172.4 Ma±1.8 Ma(MSWD=3.2),相当于中侏罗世初期.结合区域构造演化分析,孟家岭岩体的成岩成矿作用发生于燕山运动早期,是太平洋板块(伊佐纳木板块)向北西方向俯冲的结果.钨矿应是该区燕山期内生金属成矿系列的重要组成部分.     

最小二乘法的改进算法辨识棱镜摄谱仪定标多项式

提出了采用最小二乘法的改进算法拟和一元非线性函数,并用该算法辨识棱镜摄谱仪的定标多项式,数值计算结果表明:采用改进的算法,非常显著地降低了求解定标多项式系数方程组的系数矩阵的条件数,定标多项式能更精确地反映谱平面坐标和谱线波长的定量关系。     

ANALYSIS OF MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS OVER TIBETAN PLATEAU IN SUMMER

1INTRODUCTION In meteorological satellite cloud images, the features of Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) are shown in white bright cloud cluster, cloud band, cloud line, vorti- calcloudsystem,etc. The MCSlife cycle and spatial size usuallyvaryfrom several hours to one day and 100km to approximately 1000km, respectively. In the last two decades, it has been proven that storm and intensive con- vective weather, such as spasmodic thunderstorm and gale, tornado and short macro-precipitati…     

淮河洪水的可公度性分析

分析了上两个世纪发生在淮河的洪水事件的可公度性，根据其可公度值及其黄金分割点指出1991年与2003年淮河洪水的不可避免，最后讨论了可公度性的局限及淮河洪水可公度值的可能机制。     

铯原子喷泉钟均匀C场的实现

C场均匀度是影响铯原子喷泉钟性能的重要因素。为了消除漏磁等对磁场均匀度的影响,加入补偿线圈,通过用最小二乘法计算,逐次得出补偿线圈的个数、位置与电流。实验表明：计算数据与实验结果吻合,得到c场不均匀性小于2nT、长度达48cm的均匀区。     

PDF在档案管理中的应用

传统的以纸质为载体的档案管理模式具有难以克服的缺陷,而各类电子文档无法做到原版原式、缺乏对文档的审阅批注功能,作者根据PDF应用现状以及PDF文件格式的主要特性,指出PDF文件格式是档案信息资源数字化、网络化过程中可以采用的较理想的电子文档格式.