Development Phases and Mechanisms of Tectonic Fractures in the Longmaxi Formation Shale of the Dingshan Area in Southeast Sichuan Basin, China

Shale gas has currently attracted much attention during oil and gas exploration and development. Fractures in shale have an important influence on the enrichment and preservation of shale gas. This work studied the developmental period and formation mechanism of tectonic fractures in the Longmaxi Formation shale in the Dingshan area of ??southeastern Sichuan Basin based on extensive observations of outcrops and cores, rock acoustic emission (Kaiser) experiments, homogenization temperature of fracture fill inclusions, apatite fission track, thermal burial history. The research shows that the fracture types of the Longmaxi Formation include tectonic fractures, diagenetic fractures and horizontal slip fractures. The main types are tectonic high-angle shear and horizontal slip fractures, with small openings, large spacing, low densities, and high degrees of filling. Six dominant directions of the fractures after correction by plane included NWW, nearly SN, NNW, NEE, nearly EW and NW. The analysis of field fracture stage and fracture system of the borehole suggests that the fractures in the Longmaxi Formation could be paired with two sets of plane X-shaped conjugate shear fractures, i.e., profile X-shaped conjugate shear fractures and extension fractures. The combination of qualitative geological analysis and quantitative experimental testing techniques indicates that the tectonic fractures in the Longmaxi Formation have undergone three periods of tectonic movement, namely mid-late Yanshanian movement (82–71.1 Ma), late Yanshanian and middle Himalaya movements (71.1–22.3 Ma), and the late Himalayan movement (22.3–0 Ma). The middle-late period of the Yanshanian movement and end of the Yanshanian movement-middle period of the Himalayan movement were the main fracture-forming periods. The fractures were mostly filled with minerals, such as calcite and siliceous. The homogenization temperature of fracture fill inclusions was high, and the paleo-stress value was large; the tectonic movement from the late to present period was mainly a slight transformation and superposition of existing fractures and tectonic systems. Based on the principle of tectonic analysis and theory of geomechanics, we clarified the mechanism of the fractures in the Longmaxi Formation, and established the genetic model of the Longmaxi Formation. The research on the qualitative and quantitative techniques of the fracture-phase study could be effectively used to analyze the causes of the marine shale gas fractures in the Sichuan Basin. The research findings and results provide important references and technical support for further exploration and development of marine shale gas in South China.     

青藏高原积雪和季节冻融层的突变特征及其对中国降水的影响

利用青藏高原气象台站观测的积雪和冻土资料,建立了高原积雪和季节冻融层1965—2004年的变化序列,通过滑动T平均、M-K检验、动力学分割算法(BG算法)等方法检验出高原积雪没有发生明显的突变过程,而高原季节冻融层在1987年前后有一次明显的突变,冻结深度减少比较显著.当高原积雪偏少时,华南和西南降水偏多,而当高原冻结较厚时,全国的降水几乎都偏少.通过计算高原积雪和季节冻融层与全国夏季降水的单因子相关和复相关发现,积雪和季节性冻土对中国夏季降水都有一定的可预测性,但是如果共同考虑两个因子的影响,则能够提高夏季降水预测的准确率.考虑两个因子的共同影响,有3个明显的相关带,分别是北部沿大兴安岭经太行山北部到陕北最后到河西走廊,中部在长江中下游地区,南部则是沿武夷山经南岭到云贵高原中部.     

深海底钻机动力头的钻杆自行抛弃和冲击卸扣机构

文章介绍了深海岩心取样钻机的主要部件动力头的结构及特点。根据深海钻进的特殊情况,专门在动力头上设计了钻杆自行抛弃机构和冲击卸扣机构。这两种机构可在发生卡钻事故钻机无法回收已经深入孔内的钻杆串时,可将其自行抛弃,或由于动力头扭矩液压马达出现故障不能拧卸钻杆时,冲击卸扣机构将对钻杆丝扣进行冲击使其松动而卸扣。文章重点介绍了钻杆自行抛弃机构和冲击卸扣机构的结构及工作原理。     

Reservoir Characteristics and Genetic Mechanisms of the Mesozoic Granite Buried Hills in the Deep‐water of the Qiongdongnan Basin,Northern South China Sea

Due to its structure,rock and mineral composition,fluid and other factors,the granite Buried Hill Reservoir is highly heterogeneous with a complex longitudinal structure and a reservoir space made up of a combination of dissolution pores and fractures.This paper is based on current understanding of tectonic evolution in the northern part of the South China Sea,in conjunction with the seismic phase characteristics.It is determined that the meshed fault system was formed by three stages of movement-tectonic compression orogeny during the Indochinese epoch,strike-slip compression-tension during the Yanshanian Period,early fracture extension activation during the Himalayan-which controlled the distribution of the Buried Hill Reservoir.Drilling revealed two types of buried hills,faulted anticline and fault horst,their longitudinal structure and the reservoir space type being significantly different.The mineral composition,reservoir space and diagenetic characteristics of the reservoir rocks and minerals were analyzed by lithogeochemistry,micro section and logging etc.,it thus being determined that the Mesozoic rocks of the Songnan Low Uplift in the Qiongdongnan Basin are mainly composed of syenogranite,granodiorite,monzogranite,which is the material basis for the development of the Buried Hill Reservoir.The content of felsic and other brittle minerals is more than 70%,making it easy for it to be transformed into fractures.At the same time,the weathering resistance of granodiorite and monzogranite is weaker than that of syenogranite,which is easily weathered and destroyed,forming a thick sand gravel weathering zone.With increasing depth of burial,weathering and dissolution gradually weaken,the deep acidic fluid improving the reservoir property of internal fractures and expanding the vertical distribution range of the reservoirs.The research results lay a foundation for the exploration of Buried Hill in the deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin.     

土壤样品中贵金属活动态提取技术

介绍了土壤样品中贵金属铂、钯、金的水提取态、黏土吸附态与可交换态、有机质结合态以及铁锰氧化物结合态等不同相态的提取方法与测定方法。方法检出限为铂0.03 ng/g,钯和金0.01 ng/g。实验了铂、钯、金活动态金属各种提取液介质中痕量贵金属的稳定性、固-液分离方法、提取温度的影响及提取液的处理方法。通过在南非隐伏铂钯矿或矿化区的试验,结果表明所圈定的异常与实际矿(化)体相符,为识别隐伏贵金属铂钯矿床提供了有效信息,对寻找隐伏矿床具有一定的指导意义。     

香花岭矿田地质特征与地球化学的关系

通过对香花岭矿田地质特征、地球化学资料的综合研究,总结了香花岭矿田地球化学特征及成矿模式,指明了找矿方向.     

青海省土壤有机碳储量估算及其源汇因素分析

收集了青海省第二次土壤普查资料的2 856个土壤统计剖面数据,计算了20世纪80年代青海省土壤0～20 cm和0～65 cm深度的土壤有机碳密度,根据1∶400万数字化土壤类型图,统计了不同类型土壤的土壤有机碳储量。结合本研究采集的105个表层土壤数据,估算了青海省典型地区土壤有机碳近30年来的年均变化量。研究建立了土壤有机碳含量与温度、降雨等气候因子的关系方程,根据青海省土地利用现状估算了不同时期土地利用方式变化对青海省土壤碳源汇转化的影响。结果显示:(1)0～20 cm表土层SOCD20加权平均值为4.509 kg/m2,其值在各类型土壤间差异较为显著,SOCR20为2.953 Pg;0～65 cm的SOCD65加权平均值为13.597 kg/m2,SOCR65为8.904 Pg。由于受气候、土壤类型、植被类型、海拔等因素的影响,青海省土壤有机碳密度的分布呈现自东南向西北递减的带状分布特征;(2)近30年来青海省有机碳含量明显下降;(3)根据气象站的资料,分析了近50年来的年均气温变化趋势,预测在全球变暖背景下青藏高原土壤将表现出碳源效应,而研究区愈加明显的人类活动影响、大面积草地退化等土地利用方式改变也是造成土壤碳释放的主要原因之一。     

漂浮植物修复技术净化城市河湖水体试验研究

阐述了漂浮栽培植物修复系统的技术原理、特点与系统组成, 研究了在该系统中种植美人 蕉和旱伞草2 种植物的生长状况以及这些植物对城市河湖水体中氮、磷等的净化效果。尝试了将 漂浮栽培植物与生物接触氧化技术结合起来, 并研究了植物与生物填料的组合系统对水质的改 善效果。结果表明, 美人蕉和风车草在漂浮植物修复系统对氨氮的去除率均在90%以上, 漂浮栽 培植物与软性填料的组合系统对水中COD_Mn 的去除率达46%以上。     

基于MODIS数据的青海湖流域地表温度反演研究

地表温度是检测地球环境变化的重要指标,将地表温度与气象观测资料相结合可以更准确地检测地表履被、土壤湿度及水分含量变化。利用MODIS数据对青海湖流域地表温度进行反演,将反演结果与实测0 cm地面温度对比分析,显示反演的地表温度值与实测0 cm地面温度值平均差-1.05℃,在当前遥感反演地表温度的误差之内。结果表明地表温度和气象观测资料相结合,可以用于监测地表温度的变化,进而建立偏远地区气候资源数据库。     

班公湖——怒江结合带西段沙木罗组底砾岩的新发现及地质意义

沿班公湖—怒江结合带中西段出露的上侏罗统—下白垩统沙木罗组,创名于革吉县盐湖区南部的沙木罗,定义为一套较稳定环境下形成的晚侏罗统—早白垩世滨浅海相沉积。之后众多学者在结合带不同地区分解出"木嘎岗日群"和"沙木罗组",但二者地层序列划分一直沿革岩性组合差异或粒序变化特征,未获得角度不整合接触的确凿证据。作者于改则地区沙木罗组底部首次发现底砾岩及下伏木嘎岗日群顶部粘土质风化壳,并据此确定该区沙木罗组与下伏木嘎岗日群为角度不整合接触关系。该底砾岩的发现对研究新特提斯洋构造演化、古地理环境、沙木罗组地层地质时代下限及沉积相具有重要地质意义。