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71.
72.
Yu Zhang Heping Liu Thomas Foken Quinton L. Williams Matthias Mauder Christoph Thomas 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,103(1-2):119-131
The turbulence data measured at two levels (i.e., 8.7 and 2.7?m) in the Energy Balance Experiment (EBEX), which was conducted in San Joaquin Valley in California during the period from July 20 to August 24, 2000, are used to study the characteristics of coherent structures over an irrigated cotton field. Patch-to-patch irrigation in the field generated the dry-to-wet horizontal advection and the oasis effects, leading to the development of a stably internal boundary layer (SIBL) in the late mornings or the early afternoons. The SIBL persisted in the rest of the afternoons. Under this circumstance, a near-neutral atmospheric surface layer (ASL) developed during the period with a stratification transition from the unstable to stable conditions during the daytime. Therefore, EBEX provides us with unique datasets to investigate the features of coherent structures that were generated over the patches upstream and passed by our site in the unstable ASL, the near-neutral ASL, and the SIBL. We use an objective detection technique and the conditional average method that is developed based on the wavelet analysis. Our data reveal some consistencies and inconsistencies in the characteristics of coherent structures as compared with previous studies. Ramp-like structures and sweep?Cejection cycles under the daytime SIBL have similar patterns to those under the nocturnal stable ASL. However, some features (i.e., intermittence) are different from those under the nocturnal stable ASL. Under the three stratifications, thermal and mechanical factors in the ASL perform differently in affecting the ramp intensity for different quantities (i.e., velocity components, temperature, and specific humidity), leading to coherent structures that modulate turbulence flow and alter turbulent transfer differently. It is also found that coherent structures contribute about 10?C20% to the total fluxes in our case with different flux contributions under three stratifications and with higher transporting efficiency in sensible heat flux than latent heat and momentum fluxes. 相似文献
73.
Hans Romang Massimiliano Zappa Nadine Hilker Matthias Gerber François Dufour Valérie Frede Dominique Bérod Matthias Oplatka Christoph Hegg Jakob Rhyner 《Natural Hazards》2011,56(2):509-527
IFKIS-Hydro is an information and warning system for hydrological hazards in small- and medium-scale catchments. The system
collects data such as weather forecasts, precipitation measurements, water level gauges, discharge simulations and local observations
of event-specific phenomena. In addition, IFKIS-Hydro incorporates a web-based information platform, which serves as a central
hub for the submission and overview of data. Special emphasis is given to local information. This is accomplished particularly
by human observers. In medium-scale catchments, discharge forecast models have an increasing importance in providing valuable
information. IFKIS-Hydro was developed in several test regions in Switzerland and the first results of its application are
available now. The system is constantly extended to additional regions and may become the standard for warning systems in
smaller catchments in Switzerland. 相似文献
74.
Alejandro Espinoza-Tenorio Ileana Espejel Matthias Wolff José Alberto Zepeda-Domínguez 《Marine Policy》2011
Sustainable fisheries take into consideration that managed fisheries ecosystems shift over time in response to evolving environmental as well as market and political factors. These contextual forces are especially valuable in understanding developing countries such as Mexico, where the unconsolidated fisheries administration faces productive marine ecosystems but unsustainable fisheries. To recognize the issues that have inhibited the consolidation of a regulatory system for sustainable fisheries, a contextual factor analysis was applied to the co-development of two current policies in the Mexican fishery regime: fisheries and environmental policies. Six historical phases have been identified in which there are few long periods of stability and frequent short periods of radical change that alternate between stable and adverse contextual situations. These short and contrasting contextual situations cause a kind of tug-of-war in Mexican fisheries policy-making. On the one hand, domestic economic, scientific, and technological forces seem to slowly lead toward the consolidation of sustainable fisheries; on the other hand, domestic policies drift from one position to another at other timing than the international fisheries and environmental policies. Although recent crises seem to highlight new periods of radical change in Mexico, they also provide an opportunity to adopt new structural plans to consolidate domestic forces as a basis for long-term strategies. 相似文献
75.
Bertrand Guillier Kuvvet Atakan Jean-Luc Chatelain Jens Havskov Matthias Ohrnberger Fabrizio Cara Anne-Marie Duval Stratos Zacharopoulos Paula Teves-Costa The SESAME Team 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2008,6(1):3-31
For an optimal analysis of the H/V curve, it appears necessary to check the instrument signal to noise ratio in the studied
frequency band, to ensure that the signal from the ground noise is well above the internal noise. We assess the reliability
and accuracy of various digitizers, sensors and/or digitizer-sensor couples. Although this study is of general interest for
any kind of seismological study, we emphasize the influence of equipment on H/V analysis results. To display the impact of
the instrumental part on the H/V behavior, some series of tests have been carried out following a step-by-step procedure:
first, the digitizers have been tested in the lab (sensitivity, internal noise...), then the three components sensors, still
in the lab, and finally the usual user digitizers-sensors couple in lab and outdoors. In general, the digitizer characteristics,
verified during this test, correspond well to the manufacturer specifications, however, depending on the digitizer, the quality
of the digitized waveform can be very good to very poor, with variation from a channel to another channel (gain, time difference
etc.). It appears very clearly that digitizers need a warming up time before the recording to avoid problems in the low-frequency
range. Regarding the sensors, we recommend strongly to avoid the use of “classical” accelerometers (i.e., usual force balance
technology). The majority of tested seismometers (broadband and short period, even 4.5 Hz) can be used without problems from
0.4 to 25 Hz. In all cases, the instrumentation should be checked first to verify that it works well for the defined study
aim, but also to define its limit of use (frequency, sensitivity...). 相似文献
76.
Stable carbon isotope distribution of particulate organic matter in the ocean: a model study 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Matthias Hofmann Dieter A. Wolf-Gladrow Taro Takahashi Steward C. Sutherland Katharina D. Six Ernst Maier-Reimer 《Marine Chemistry》2000,72(2-4)
The stable carbon isotopic composition of particulate organic matter in the ocean, δ13CPOC, shows characteristic spatial variations with high values in low latitudes and low values in high latitudes. The lowest δ13CPOC values (−32‰ to −35‰) have been reported in the Southern Ocean, whereas in arctic and subarctic regions δ13CPOC values do not drop below −27‰. This interhemispheric asymmetry is still unexplained. Global gradients in δ13CPOC are much greater than in δ13CDIC, suggesting that variations in isotopic fractionation during organic matter production are primarily responsible for the observed range in δ13CPOC. Understanding the factors that control isotope variability is a prerequisite when applying δ13CPOC to the study of marine carbon biogeochemistry. The present model study attempts to reproduce the δ13CPOC distribution pattern in the ocean. The three-dimensional (3D) Hamburg Model of the Oceanic Carbon Cycle version 3.1 (HAMOCC3.1) was combined with two different parametrizations of the biological fractionation of stable carbon isotopes. In the first parametrization, it is assumed that the isotopic fractionation between CO2 in seawater and the organic material produced by algae, P, is a function of the ambient CO2 concentration. The two parameters of this function are derived from observations and are not based on an assumption of any specific mechanism. Thus, this parametrization is purely empirical. The second parametrization is based on fractionation models for microalgae. It is supported by several laboratory experiments. Here the fractionation, P, depends on the CO2 concentration in seawater and on the (instantaneous) growth rates, μi, of the phytoplankton. In the Atlantic Ocean, where most field data are available, both parametrizations reproduce the latitudinal variability of the mean δ13CPOC distribution. The interhemispheric asymmetry of δ13CPOC can mostly be attributed to the interhemispheric asymmetry of CO2 concentration in the water. However, the strong seasonal variations of δ13CPOC as reported by several authors, can only be explained by a growth rate-dependent fractionation, which reflects variations in the cellular carbon demand. 相似文献
77.
Matthias J. Raab Roderick W. Brown Kerry Gallagher Andrew Carter Klaus Weber 《Tectonophysics》2002,349(1-4)
Namibia's passive continental margin records a long history of tectonic activity since the Proterozoic. The orogenic belt produced during the collision of the Congo and Kalahari Cratons in the Early Proterozoic led to a zone of crustal weakness, which became the preferred location for tectonism during the Phanerozoic. The Pan-African Damara mobile belt forms this intraplate boundary in Namibia and its tectonostratigraphic zones are defined by ductile shear zones, where the most prominent is described as the Omaruru Lineament–Waterberg Thrust (OML–WT). The prominance of the continental margin escarpment is diminished in the area of the Central and Northern Zone of the Damara belt where the shear zones are located. This area has been targeted with a set of 66 outcrop samples over a 550-km-long, 60-km-broad coast-parallel transect from the top of the escarpment in the south across the Damara sector to the Kamanjab Inlier in the north. Apatite fission track age and length data from all samples reveal a regionally consistent cooling event. Thermal histories derived by forward modelling bracket this phase of accelerated cooling in the Late Cretaceous. Maximum palaeotemperatures immediately prior to the onset of cooling range from ca. 120 to ca. 60 °C with the maximum occurring directly south of the Omaruru Lineament. Because different palaeotemperatures indicate different burial depth at a given time, the amount of denudation can be estimated and used to constrain vertical displacements of the continental crust. We interpret this cooling pattern as the geomorphic response to reactivation of basement structures caused by a change in spreading geometry in the South Atlantic and South West Indian Oceans. 相似文献
78.
Diplomgeologe Dr. Matthias Bajor 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1967,56(1):844-865
Zusammenfassung In 45 Sedimentproben wurde die Verteilung von 16 Aminosäuren quantitativ bestimmt. Durch aufeinanderfolgende Hydrolysen des gleichen Gesteins mit verschiedenen Säuren ließen sich zwei Arten von Aminosäurenverbindungen ermitteln. Aus den Verhältniswerten dieser löslichen, bereits mit 6-N-Salzsäure freisetzbaren Aminosäuren und der kerogengebundenen mit 12 N HCl zugänglichen Komponente lassen sich über die thermische Beanspruchung und den Reifungszustand eines Sedimentes Schlüsse ziehen. Diese stimmen mit den Ergebnissen der durchgeführten Thermalversuche überein und erklären sich durch eine Änderung der Bindungsform der Aminosäuren am Kerogen. Durch zunehmende thermische Beanspruchung erhöht sich der kerogengebundene Aminosäurenanteil, während das Verhältnis zwischen neutralen und nicht neutralen Aminosäuren abnimmt.
Herrn Professor Dr.Roland Brinkmann zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.
Der Direktion derSocièté Nationale Des Pétroles D'Aquitaine, Pau, danke ich für die Ermöglichung dieser Arbeiten und die Genehmigung ihrer Veröffentlichung, den Herren Doktoren G.Kulbicki und B.van der Weide für die vielseitigen Anregungen und Diskussionen. Herrn Prof. Dr. E. T.Degens bin ich für die Durchsicht des Manuskriptes sehr dankbar. 相似文献
The distribution of 16 aminoacids in 45 sedimentsamples has been determined. Two separate groups of aminoacids could be isolated by successive treatment of the same rock with different acids i. e. rather loosely bound aminoacids isolated by 6 N HCl hydrolysis and aminoacids incorporated in the kerogen, which could be recovered only upon 12 N HCl treatment. From the ratio of these groups conclusions may be drawn with respect to the thermal history and maturity of a sediment. The conclusions have been verified by thermal experiments and may be explained by a modification of the way of compound of the aminoacids with the kerogen. With increasing thermal influence the strongly combined aminoacid fraction becomes relatively predominant. At the same time the ratio of neutral and other aminoacids in these fractions decreases.
Résumé Le rendement de l'extraction des amino-acides présents dans la roche est fonction de la solubilité de la roche, donc de la pétrographie des échantillons. C'est pourquoi on déminéralise la roche d'abord à l'aide d'acide chlorhydrique, puis d'acide fluorhydrique; on élimine ensuite les constituants bitumineux à l'aide d'acide formique. Le kérogène ainsi isolé fait l'objet de l'hydrolyse proprement dite, laquelle est entreprise par traitements successifs à l'HCl 6 N et à l'HCl 12 N. Ce double traitement a pour effet de séparer des fractions faiblement et fortement combinées.La fraction obtenue par hydrolyse à l'HCl 6 N représente les amino-acides liés au kérogène par adsorption superficielle; la fraction 12 N HCl contient les amino-acides qui étaient intimement incorporés dans le kérogène, en faisant partie de la structure. Cette dernière fraction devient relativement de plus en plus importante avec l'âge et la maturation croissantes; par traitement thermique d'échantillons récents, traitement simulant le vieillissement et la maturation, on constate la même chose. La part des amino-acides neutres diminue, avec la température et la profondeur croissantes, dans la fraction 12 N; elle augmente dans la fraction 6 N.Des échantillons mésozoiques provenant d'un forage profond d'Aquitaine ont été analysés. Les concentrations totales en amino-acides sont en corrélation avec les concentrations en fossiles. D'autre part, dans le partie inférieure du forage (donc la partie dont on peut penser qu'elle est la plus évoluée), on voit le rapport amino-acides neutres/amino-acides totaux diminuer avec la profondeur. Il est à noter que des changements nets dans ce rapport coïncident avec des limites stratigraphiques.
. 45 , 16 . : 1) 6 HCI II) 12 HCI. .
Herrn Professor Dr.Roland Brinkmann zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.
Der Direktion derSocièté Nationale Des Pétroles D'Aquitaine, Pau, danke ich für die Ermöglichung dieser Arbeiten und die Genehmigung ihrer Veröffentlichung, den Herren Doktoren G.Kulbicki und B.van der Weide für die vielseitigen Anregungen und Diskussionen. Herrn Prof. Dr. E. T.Degens bin ich für die Durchsicht des Manuskriptes sehr dankbar. 相似文献
79.
Florian Scholz Christian Hensen Anja Reitz Rolf L. Romer Volker Liebetrau Anette Meixner Stephan M. Weise Matthias Haeckel 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(18):5444-5459
The chemical and isotopic composition of pore fluids is presented for five deep-rooted mud volcanoes aligned on a transect across the Gulf of Cadiz continental margin at water depths between 350 and 3860 m. Generally decreasing interstitial Li concentrations and 87Sr/86Sr ratios with increasing distance from shore are attributed to systematically changing fluid sources across the continental margin. Although highest Li concentrations at the near-shore mud volcanoes coincide with high salinities derived from dissolution of halite and late-stage evaporites, clayey, terrigenous sediments are identified as the ultimate Li source to all pore fluids investigated. Light δ7Li values, partly close to those of hydrothermal vent fluids (δ7Li: +11.9‰), indicate that Li has been mobilized during high-temperature fluid/sediment or fluid/rock interactions in the deep sub-surface. Intense leaching of terrigenous clay has led to radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7106) in pore fluids of the near-shore mud volcanoes. In contrast, non-radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7075) at the distal locations are attributed to admixing of a basement-derived fluid component, carrying an isotopic signature from interaction with the basaltic crust. This inference is substantiated by temperature constraints from Li isotope equilibrium calculations suggesting exchange processes at particularly high temperatures (>200 °C) for the least radiogenic pore fluids of the most distal location.Advective pore fluids in the off-shore reaches of the Gulf of Cadiz are influenced by successive exchange processes with both oceanic crust and terrigenous, fine-grained sediments, resulting in a chemical and isotopic signature similar to that of fluids in near-shore ridge flank hydrothermal systems. This suggests that deep-rooted mud volcanoes in the Gulf of Cadiz represent a fluid pathway intermediate between mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vent and shallow, marginal cold seep. Due to the thicker sediment coverage and slower fluid advection rates, the overall geochemical signature is shifted towards the sediment-diagenetic signal compared to ridge flank hydrothermal environments. 相似文献
80.
In the context of natural hazard-related risk analyses, different concepts and comprehensions of the term risk exist. These differences are mostly subjected to the perceptions and historical backgrounds of the different scientific disciplines and results in a multitude of methodological concepts to analyse risk. The target-oriented selection and application of these concepts depend on the specific research object which is generally closely connected to the stakeholders’ interests. An obvious characteristic of the different conceptualizations is the immanent various comprehensions of vulnerability. As risk analyses from a natural scientific-technical background aim at estimating potential expositions and consequences of natural hazard events, the results can provide an appropriate decision basis for risk management strategies. Thereby, beside the preferably addressed gravitative and hydrological hazards, seismo-tectonical and especially meteorological hazard processes have been rarely considered within multi-risk analyses in an Alpine context. Hence, their comparative grading in an overall context of natural hazard risks is not quantitatively possible. The present paper focuses on both (1) the different concepts of the natural hazard risk and especially their specific expressions in the context of vulnerability and (2) the exemplary application of the natural scientific-technical risk concepts to analyse potential extreme storm losses in the Austrian Province of Tyrol. Following the corresponding general risk concept, the case study first defines the hazard potential, second estimates the exposures and damage potentials on the basis of an existing database of the stock of elements and values, and third analyses the so-called Extreme Scenario Losses (ESL) considering the structural vulnerability of the potentially affected elements at risk. Thereby, it can be shown that extreme storm events can induce losses solely to buildings and inventory in the range of EUR 100–150 million in Tyrol. However, in an overall context of potential extreme natural hazard events, the storm risk can be classified with a moderate risk potential in this province. 相似文献