全文获取类型
收费全文 | 24443篇 |
免费 | 172篇 |
国内免费 | 916篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 1410篇 |
大气科学 | 1978篇 |
地球物理 | 4503篇 |
地质学 | 11590篇 |
海洋学 | 1031篇 |
天文学 | 1637篇 |
综合类 | 2161篇 |
自然地理 | 1221篇 |
出版年
2020年 | 1篇 |
2019年 | 1篇 |
2018年 | 4761篇 |
2017年 | 4037篇 |
2016年 | 2577篇 |
2015年 | 233篇 |
2014年 | 80篇 |
2013年 | 26篇 |
2012年 | 989篇 |
2011年 | 2730篇 |
2010年 | 2017篇 |
2009年 | 2311篇 |
2008年 | 1890篇 |
2007年 | 2362篇 |
2006年 | 54篇 |
2005年 | 197篇 |
2004年 | 403篇 |
2003年 | 412篇 |
2002年 | 250篇 |
2001年 | 47篇 |
2000年 | 52篇 |
1999年 | 14篇 |
1998年 | 23篇 |
1997年 | 1篇 |
1995年 | 1篇 |
1994年 | 1篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1991年 | 1篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 21篇 |
1980年 | 19篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
The higher-order scalar concentration fluctuation properties are examined in the context of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory
for a variety of greenhouse gases that have distinct and separate source/sink locations along an otherwise ideal micrometeorological
field site. Air temperature and concentrations of water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane were measured at high frequency
(10 Hz) above a flat and extensive peat-land soil in the San Joaquin–Sacramento Delta (California, USA) area, subjected to
year-round grazing by beef cattle. Because of the heterogeneous distribution of the sources and sinks of CO2 and especially CH4 emitted by cattle, the scaling behaviour of the higher-order statistical properties diverged from predictions based on a
balance between their production and dissipation rate terms, which can obtained for temperature and H2O during stationary conditions. We identify and label these departures as ‘exogenous’ because they depend on heterogeneities
and non-stationarities induced by boundary conditions on the flow. Spectral analysis revealed that the exogenous effects show
their signatures in regions with frequencies lower than those associated with scalar vertical transport by turbulence, though
the two regions may partially overlap in some cases. Cospectra of vertical fluxes appear less influenced by these exogenous
effects because of the modulating role of the vertical velocity at low frequencies. Finally, under certain conditions, the
presence of such exogenous factors in higher-order scalar fluctuation statistics may be ‘fingerprinted’ by a large storage
term in the mean scalar budget. 相似文献
992.
Koen De Ridder 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,134(2):257-267
In the roughness sublayer (RSL), Monin–Obukhov surface layer similarity theory fails. This is problematic for atmospheric
modelling applications over domains that include rough terrain such as forests or cities, since in these situations numerical
models often have the lowest model level located within the RSL. Based on empirical RSL profile functions for momentum and
scalar quantities, and scaling the height with the RSL height z
*, we derive a simple bulk transfer relation that accounts for RSL effects. To verify the validity of our approach, these relations
are employed together with wind speed and temperature profiles measured over boreal forest during the BOREAS experimental
campaign to estimate momentum and heat fluxes. It is demonstrated that, when compared with observed flux values, the inclusion
of RSL effects in the transfer relations yields a considerable improvement in the estimated fluxes. 相似文献
993.
Despite their importance for pollutant dispersion in urban areas, the special features of dispersion at street intersections
are rarely taken into account by operational air quality models. Several previous studies have demonstrated the complex flow
patterns that occur at street intersections, even with simple geometry. This study presents results from wind-tunnel experiments
on a reduced scale model of a complex but realistic urban intersection, located in central London. Tracer concentration measurements
were used to derive three-dimensional maps of the concentration field within the intersection. In combination with a previous
study (Carpentieri et al., Boundary-Layer Meteorol 133:277–296, 2009) where the velocity field was measured in the same model,
a methodology for the calculation of the mean tracer flux balance at the intersection was developed and applied. The calculation
highlighted several limitations of current state-of-the-art canyon dispersion models, arising mainly from the complex geometry
of the intersection. Despite its limitations, the proposed methodology could be further developed in order to derive, assess
and implement street intersection dispersion models for complex urban areas. 相似文献
994.
Frequency of Boundary-Layer-Top Fluctuations in Convective and Stable Conditions Using Laser Remote Sensing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Giovanni Martucci Renaud Matthey Valentin Mitev Hans Richner 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,135(2):313-331
The planetary boundary-layer (PBL) height is determined with high temporal and altitude resolution from lidar backscatter
profiles. Then, the frequencies of daytime thermal updrafts and downdrafts and of nighttime gravity waves are obtained applying
a fast Fourier transform on the temporal fluctuation of the PBL height. The principal frequency components of each spectrum
are related to the dominant processes occurring at the daytime and nighttime PBL top. Two groups of cases are selected for
the study: one group combines daytime cases, measured in weak horizontal wind conditions and dominated by convection. The
cases show higher updraft and downdraft frequencies for the shallow, convective boundary layer and lower frequencies for a
deep PBL. For cases characterized by strong horizontal winds, the frequencies directly depend on the wind speed. The temporal
variation of the PBL height is determined also in the likely presence of lee waves. For nighttime cases, the main frequency
components in the spectra do not show a real correlation with the nocturnal PBL height. Altitude fluctuations of the top of
the nocturnal boundary layer are observed even though the boundary layer is statically stable. These oscillations are associated
with the wind shear effect and with buoyancy waves at the PBL top. 相似文献
995.
Ashok K. Luhar 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,135(2):301-311
Information concerning the average wind speed and the variances of lateral and longitudinal wind velocity fluctuations is
required by dispersion models to characterise turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. When the winds are weak, the scalar
average wind speed and the vector average wind speed need to be clearly distinguished and both lateral and longitudinal wind
velocity fluctuations assume equal importance in dispersion calculations. We examine commonly-used methods of estimating these
variances from wind-speed and wind-direction statistics measured separately, for example, by a cup anemometer and a wind vane,
and evaluate the implied relationship between the scalar and vector wind speeds, using measurements taken under low-wind stable
conditions. We highlight several inconsistencies inherent in the existing formulations and show that the widely-used assumption
that the lateral velocity variance is equal to the longitudinal velocity variance is not necessarily true. We derive improved
relations for the two variances, and although data under stable stratification are considered for comparison, our analysis
is applicable more generally. 相似文献
996.
This study examines the processes controlling the diurnal variability of ozone (O3) in the marine boundary layer of the Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands (latitude 8° 43′ N, longitude 167°
44′ E), during July to September 1999. At the study site, situated in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, O3 mixing ratios remained low, with an overall average of 9–10 parts per billion on a volume basis (ppbv) and a standard deviation
of 2.5 ppbv. In the absence of convective storms, daily O3 mixing ratios decreased after sunrise and reached minimum during the afternoon in response to photochemical reactions. The
peak-to-peak amplitude of O3 diurnal variation was approximately 1–3 ppbv. During the daytime, O3 photolysis, hydroperoxyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and bromine atoms contributed to the destruction of O3, which explained the observed minimum O3 levels observed in the afternoon. The entrainment of O3-richer air from the free troposphere to the local marine boundary layer provided a recovery mechanism of surface O3 mixing ratio with a transport rate of 0.04 to 0.2 ppbv per hour during nighttime. In the presence of convection, downward
transport of O3-richer tropospheric air increased surface O3 mixing ratios by 3–12 ppbv. The magnitude of O3 increase due to moist convection was lower than that observed over the continent (as high as 20–30 ppbv). Differences were
ascribed to the higher O3 levels in the continental troposphere and weaker convection over the ocean. Present results suggest that moist convection
plays a role in surface-level O3 dynamics in the tropical marine boundary layer. 相似文献
997.
Aaron M. McCright 《Climatic change》2011,104(2):243-253
I offer some theoretical insights to help us better understand the moderator effect of political orientation that Larry Hamilton
and others have found in recent years. Reflexive modernization theory highlights an emerging tension between those who direct
attention to the negative consequences of industrial capitalism such as climate change (e.g., the scientific community and
environmental organizations) and those who defend the economic system against such critiques (e.g., the conservative movement).
Political divisions in the American public increasingly map onto these societal divisions between critics and defenders of
the industrial capitalist order—especially for the issue of climate change. This alignment is facilitated by increased polarization
among political elites and balkanization of the news media. Strong evidence of the moderator effect is consistent with the
expectations of information processing theory and elite cues hypothesis from political science. Recent empirical findings
in political psychology and neuroscience also seem pertinent for explaining this moderator effect. I end by outlining a few
implications for climate change research and communication. 相似文献
998.
Clint C. Muhlfeld J. Joseph Giersch F. Richard Hauer Gregory T. Pederson Gordon Luikart Douglas P. Peterson Christopher C. Downs Daniel B. Fagre 《Climatic change》2011,106(2):337-345
Climate warming in the mid- to high-latitudes and high-elevation mountainous regions is occurring more rapidly than anywhere
else on Earth, causing extensive loss of glaciers and snowpack. However, little is known about the effects of climate change
on alpine stream biota, especially invertebrates. Here, we show a strong linkage between regional climate change and the fundamental
niche of a rare aquatic invertebrate—the meltwater stonefly Lednia tumana—endemic to Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, Canada and USA. L. tumana has been petitioned for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act due to climate-change-induced glacier loss, yet little
is known on specifically how climate impacts may threaten this rare species and many other enigmatic alpine aquatic species
worldwide. During 14 years of research, we documented that L. tumana inhabits a narrow distribution, restricted to short sections (~500 m) of cold, alpine streams directly below glaciers, permanent
snowfields, and springs. Our simulation models suggest that climate change threatens the potential future distribution of
these sensitive habitats and the persistence of L. tumana through the loss of glaciers and snowfields. Mountaintop aquatic invertebrates are ideal early warning indicators of climate
warming in mountain ecosystems. Research on alpine invertebrates is urgently needed to avoid extinctions and ecosystem change. 相似文献
999.
Detlef P. van Vuuren Jason Lowe Elke Stehfest Laila Gohar Andries F. Hof Chris Hope Rachel Warren Malte Meinshausen Gian-Kasper Plattner 《Climatic change》2011,104(2):255-285
Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are regularly used to evaluate different policies of future emissions reductions. Since
the global costs associated with these policies are immense, it is vital that the uncertainties in IAMs are quantified and
understood. We first demonstrate the significant spread in the climate system and carbon cycle components of several contemporary
IAMs. We then examine these components in more detail to understand the causes of differences, comparing the results with
more complex climate models and earth system models (ESMs), where available. Our results show that in most cases the outcomes
of IAMs are within the range of the outcomes of complex models, but differences are large enough to matter for policy advice.
There are areas where IAMs would benefit from improvements (e.g. climate sensitivity, inertia in climate response, carbon
cycle feedbacks). In some cases, additional climate model experiments are needed to be able to tune some of these improvements.
This will require better communication between the IAM and ESM development communities. 相似文献
1000.
Relation of the Second Type Thermal Helicity to Precipitation of Landfalling Typhoons: A Case Study of Typhoon Talim 下载免费PDF全文
This study utilized the MM5 mesoscale model to simulate the landfalling process of Typhoon Talim. The simulated typhoon track,
weather patterns, and rainfall process are consistent with the observation. Using the simulation results, the relation of
the second type thermal helicity (H
2) to rainfall caused by the landfalling typhoon Talim was analyzed. The results show that H
2 could well indicate the heavy inland rainfall but it did not perform as well as the helicity in predicting rainfall during
the beginning stage of the typhoon landfall. In particular, H
2 was highly correlated with rainfall of Talim at 1-h lead time. For 1–5-h lead time, it also had a higher correlation with
rainfall than the helicity did, and thus showing a better potential in forecasting rainfall intensification. Further analyses
have shown that when Talim was in the beginning stage of landfall, 1) the 850–200-hPa vertical wind shear around the Talim
center was quite small (about 5 m s−1); 2) the highest rainfall was to the right of the Talim track and in the area with a 300-km radius around the Talim center,
exhibiting no obvious relation to low-level temperature advection, low-level air convergence, and upper-level divergence;
3) the low-level relative vorticity reflected the rainfall change quite well, which was the main reason why helicity had a
better performance than H
2 in this period. However, after Talim moved inland further, 1) it weakened gradually and was increasingly affected by the
northern trough; 2) the vertical wind shear was enhanced as well; 3) the left side of the down vertical wind shear lay in
the Lushan and Dabieshan mountain area, which could have contributed to triggering a secondary vertical circulation, helping
to produce the heavy rainfall over there; hence, H
2 showed a better capacity to reflect the rainfall change during this stage. 相似文献