加强我国极地文化科普教育的思考

极地文化是海洋文化的一个重要的组成部分。海洋世纪,推进极地文化宣传教育是一个国家软实力的重要体现。但相较于渐入正轨的极地科考活动,我国在开展极地文化宣传教育方面尚处于起步阶段,相关政策都有待完善,极地文化宣传教育机制尚未形成。"十三五"期间,围绕实现国家"海洋强国"战略,努力建成具有社会主义核心价值的极地文化体系;建立起以政府投入为主体,社会组织、企业和个人资助极地公共教育事业的多元化科普投入机制以及完善极地公共教育工作机制等,努力提高全民的极地观念和极地意识。     

超大海洋保护区建设利弊分析

近年来,海洋保护区被不断的"巨型化",这一方面显示了国际社会对海洋保护的重视;另一方面,这股建设超大海洋保护区的浪潮也受到了很多科学工作者的质疑和批判。文章通过分析整理国内外相关文献,结合目前全球几个著名的超大海洋保护区案例,评价建设超大海洋保护区的利弊,并总结出我国海洋保护区建设可借鉴的经验。     

Anisotropic Drained Deformation Behavior and Shear Strength of Natural Soft Marine Clay

The deformation behavior and shear strength of soft marine clays subjected to wave or traffic loads are different from that in triaxial loading due to the changes of major principal stress direction β and intermediate principal stress coefficient b. To investigate the anisotropy affected by β and b in natural soft marine clay, a series of drained tests were conducted by hollow cylinder apparatus. The principal stress direction relative to vertical direction were maintained constant under an increasing shear stress, with fixed intermediate principal stress coefficient b. The influence of the b and β on anisotropy of typically Wenzhou intact clay is discussed. It was found that octahedral stress–strain relationships expressed anisotropy with different b and β. The friction angle and deviator stress ratio with different b and β were presented to provide guidance for engineering projects in the coastal zone.     

黔北桐梓狮溪志留纪埃隆晚期石牛栏段的生物滩相

志留纪兰多维列世埃隆晚期,滇黔桂古陆以北的陆表海缓坡上沉积了石牛栏组石牛栏段浅水灰岩。珊瑚—层孔虫为主的后生动物格架岩建造的点礁分布北界仅延伸到桐梓水坝塘一带;更远岸的狮溪镇白芷垭剖面虽然远离古陆剥蚀区,层状灰岩中极低的粉砂质、泥质含量指示高清澈度的环境指标,内碎屑和少量生屑混合沉积的滩相灰岩沉积深度在最大浪基面之上,但珊瑚—层孔虫密度偏低,后生动物格架岩的丰度以及个体大小均达不到礁灰岩的标准,也不呈现生物礁特有的正向海底地貌。本文实例诠释了海底深度变化显著制约底栖群落的古生态分异,后生动物点礁栖居的深度范围有限。     

青海引胜沟岩体的锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

祁连造山带发育有大面积的中-酸性侵入岩。引胜沟花岗质岩体位于中祁连造山带东段,主要岩性为花岗闪长岩。LA-MC-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年结果分别为(436.9±5.3)Ma和(453.5±6.9)Ma,表明岩体是早志留世-中奥陶世岩浆活动的产物。根据岩体的地球化学特征不同可分为两组岩石:一组岩石特征为高SiO2,w(SiO2)为71.23%~73.65%,高A/CNK值(1.19~1.39);镁铁(MF)指数为90~92,长英质(FL)指数为87~92,显示岩浆结晶分异程度较高;w(∑REE)=22.88×10-6~40.65×10-6,LREE/HREE比值为1.8~2.63,(Ce/Yb)N比值为1.36~1.95;δEu=0.06~0.49,平均为0.27,负Eu异常较为明显。另一组岩石特征为低SiO2,w(SiO2)为62.35%~63.73%,低A/CNK值(0.93~1.05);镁铁(MF)指数为81~82,长英质(FL)指数为61~65,与第一组岩石相比,岩浆结晶分异程度较低;w(∑REE)=94.10×10-6~235.50×10-6,(Ce/Yb)N比值为1.43~10.49,δEu=0.82~0.92。岩石地球化学特征表明,引胜沟花岗质岩体是祁连造山带由俯冲向碰撞转换的构造环境下产生的,具有壳幔混合的特点。     

GRAPES区域集合预报系统模式不确定性的随机扰动技术研究

为进一步描述GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)区域集合预报系统(GRAPES Me—soscale Ensemble Prediction System,GRAPES—MEPS)中GRAPES—Meso模式的不确定性特征,本研究在GRAPES—MEPS系统中引人了模式物理参数化倾向随机扰动方案(Stochastically Perturbed Parameterization Tendencies,SPPT),随机扰动型的产生是基于-阶马尔科夫链,其具有时间相关性特征,并服从正态分布,另外经过谱展开随机场具有空间结构特征,在水平结构上较平滑和连续。本文开展了基于SPPT方案的GRAPES—MEPS集合预报试验,针对SPPT方案中随机场的扰动幅度和时间相关尺度参数开展了一系列敏感性试验,并对试验结果进行了较全面的集合预报客观检验,此外,针对一次强降水过程,分析了SPPT方案对降水预报的影响。试验结果表明,引入SPPT方案能在一定程度上提高GRAPES—MEPS系统的预报技巧,降低系统的漏报率;且能显著改进预报后期大雨量级降水的预报技巧。通过敏感性试验发现,对于GRAPES—MEPS系统,SPPT方案的效果与随机扰动场幅度的范围,及扰动场的时间相关尺度选择相关,需经过敏感性试验确定出较适合的参数。     

地理国情监测专业的开放式创新教学体系

针对地理国情监测是国家测绘地理信息转型升级的重大战略,需要大批跨学科门类、跨学科专业、开放型创新人才的现状,该文面向地理国情监测专业特色和人才培养目标,从教学内容、教学组织、教学资源和教学手段等方面提出了开放式创新教学体系,以开源软件教学为例,对地理国情监测专业课程开放式教学资源和教学手段进行了案例设计,表明该文提出的地理国情监测专业开放教学体系具有操作性和适用性。     

北京市重要地质遗迹资源保护规划探讨

北京素有中国地质工作摇篮之称,在几亿年的地质演变长河中,受不同时期的地质作用,形成了形态多样、类型独特的地质奇观。众所周知,地质遗迹是不可再生资源,合理的规划、利用和保护能为地质科研教学、旅游资源可持续发展做出贡献。为遏制地质遗迹破坏的趋势,建议制定北京市地质遗迹保护规划,并分期实施,近期对区内已遭严重破坏的地质遗迹进行抢救性保护,初步探讨北京地质遗迹保护方案。     

A modified inverse procedure for calibrating parameters in a land subsidence model and its field application in Shanghai,China

Land-subsidence prediction depends on an appropriate subsidence model and the calibration of its parameter values. A modified inverse procedure is developed and applied to calibrate five parameters in a compacting confined aquifer system using records of field data from vertical extensometers and corresponding hydrographs. The inverse procedure of COMPAC (InvCOMPAC) has been used in the past for calibrating vertical hydraulic conductivity of the aquitards, nonrecoverable and recoverable skeletal specific storages of the aquitards, skeletal specific storage of the aquifers, and initial preconsolidation stress within the aquitards. InvCOMPAC is modified to increase robustness in this study. There are two main differences in the modified InvCOMPAC model (MInvCOMPAC). One is that field data are smoothed before diagram analysis to reduce local oscillation of data and remove abnormal data points. A robust locally weighted regression method is applied to smooth the field data. The other difference is that the Newton-Raphson method, with a variable scale factor, is used to conduct the computer-based inverse adjustment procedure. MInvCOMPAC is then applied to calibrate parameters in a land subsidence model of Shanghai, China. Five parameters of aquifers and aquitards at 15 multiple-extensometer sites are calibrated. Vertical deformation of sedimentary layers can be predicted by the one-dimensional COMPAC model with these calibrated parameters at extensometer sites. These calibrated parameters could also serve as good initial values for parameters of three-dimensional regional land subsidence models of Shanghai.     

南极菲尔德斯半岛土壤可培养细菌多样性分析

对中国第29次南极科学考察采自南极菲尔德斯半岛区域16个站位的土壤样品进行了细菌的分离培养。经细菌16S r DNA序列测定及系统发育分析,共鉴定得到3个门,13个属的67株细菌。其中优势门为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria),优势属为节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)。对受到不同外界动物因素影响的4个典型站位的土壤理化性质进行了测定,初步分析了土壤理化因子对可培养细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明在菲尔德斯半岛人活动对土壤中可培养细菌群落的影响显著区别于企鹅和海豹。研究还对产淀粉酶的菌株进行了筛选,发现8株产淀粉酶的菌株。