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551.
Sediment movement during erosion, transport and deposition greatly affects the ecosystem of river basins. However, there is presently no consensus as to whether particular river basins act as carbon dioxide (CO2) sources or sinks related to these processes. This paper introduces a rule‐of‐thumb coordinate system based on sediment delivery ratio (SDR) and soil humin content (SHC) in order to evaluate the net effect of soil erosion, sediment transport and deposition on CO2 flux in river basins. The SDR–SHC system delineates CO2 source and sink areas, and further divides the sink into strong and weak areas according to the world‐average line. The Yellow River Basin, most severely suffering soil erosion in the world, only appears to be a weak erosion‐induced CO2 sink in this system. The average annual CO2 sequestration is ~0·235 Mt from 1960 to 2008, a relatively small value considering its 3·1% contribution to the World's sediment discharge. The temporal analysis shows that the Yellow River Basin was once a source in the 1960s, but changed its role to become a weak sink in the past 40 years due to both anthropogenic and climatic influences. The spatial analysis identifies the middle sub‐basin as the main source region, and the lower as the main sink. For comparison, sediment‐movement‐related CO2 fluxes of eight other major basins in four continents are examined. It is found that the six basins considered in the Northern Hemisphere appear to be sinks, while the other two in the Southern Hemisphere act as sources. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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553.
Wenze Yue Yong Liu Peilei Fan Xinyue Ye Cifang Wu 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2012,26(7):899-911
The aggravating urban thermal environment has considerable adverse effects on urban physical environment, energy consumption, and public health. Due to the complexity of factors contributing to the urban thermal environment, traditional statistical methods are insufficient for acquiring data and analyzing the impacts of human activities on the thermal environment, especially for identifying dominant factors. Based on thermal remote sensing imageries and Geographic Information System analysis, we assessed spatial pattern of urban thermal environment in Shanghai in 2008, and analyzed the factors contributing to the generation of urban heat island (UHI) using principal component analysis (PCA). We found that Shanghai had obvious UHI with uneven spatial pattern in 2008. Further, we identified three most important components leading to the variances of Shanghai’s UHI: the gradient from man-made to natural land cover, landscape configuration, and anthropogenic heat release. A linear model has thus been successfully constructed, implying that PCA is helpful in identifying major contributors to UHI. The findings are of significance for policy implication to urban thermal environment mitigation. 相似文献
554.
In the central Bohai Sea, both historical data and in situ observations show that the distribution of high chlorophyll concentration is consistent with warm water. The previous studies confirm that the warm water is caused by a joint effect of wave and tidal mixing. In this paper, the authors have coupled the Princeton ocean model (POM) with a biochemical model to further investigate the formation of the high chlorophyll concentration. When the wave mixing is excluded, the water temperature is lower and the chlorophyll concentration is also lower than the observation. However, if the wave mixing is included, strong wave mixing in the upper layer brings the warm water downward and nutrients upward so that both temperature and nutrients tend to be uniformly high from the surface to the bottom. This provides an environment which is favorable for the growth of the phytoplankton. Therefore the chlorophyll concentration, as a symbol of phytoplankton, shows high value in the central Bohai Sea. In conclusion, the wave mixing plays an important role in the formation of high chlorophyll concentration in the central Bohai Sea. 相似文献
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PLAXIS2D模拟计算基坑开挖工程的适用性分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
岩土工程有限元分析软件PLAXIS2D已经被广泛应用于基坑开挖的数值模拟计算中,但关于其模拟计算基坑开挖工程的适用性问题,目前还未见有相关文献进行深入分析.鉴于此,利用PLAXIS2D对3个实际深基坑开挖工程进行了数值模拟计算,通过计算结果与实测结果的对比,分析了PLAXIS2D在基坑开挖工程中的适用性;在此基础上,对应用PLAXIS2D进行基坑开挖数值模拟计算的适用条件进行了探讨,研究结论对正确应用PLAXIS2D进行基坑开挖工程的模拟计算具有较好的参考价值. 相似文献
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基于GPS数据的城市居民通勤弹性研究——以北京市郊区巨型社区为例 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10
通勤是居民出行行为的重要组成部分,受到地理、规划、交通等领域的广泛关注,已有对通勤的研究多利用问卷调查数据,定位技术与信息通信技术为个体行为时空数据的采集带来了新的契机。本研究关注个体在不同工作日中通勤的可变性,将活动弹性的概念引入对通勤行为的研究中,提出通勤弹性的概念,并界定了时间、空间、方式、路径4 个通勤弹性维度,通过探讨4 种弹性之间的相互作用关系,提出7 种基于弹性的理论通勤模式。研究以北京市天通苑与亦庄两个郊区巨型社区为案例,基于活动日志与GPS 定位数据相结合的为期一周的居民时空行为数据,分别利用传统方法和通勤弹性视角研究居民的通勤特征,验证通勤弹性现象的存在以及该视角透视城市居民通勤行为的合理性,并利用GIS 三维可视化技术对7 种理论通勤模式居民的活动—移动时空特征进行刻画,从而透视北京市郊区巨型社区居民的通勤特征及复杂模式,为北京市城市与交通问题的解决提供了独特的视角。 相似文献
560.
量化表征城市紧凑性是当前地理学界和规划领域共同关注的热点问题,明确紧凑性指标反映的实际意义与适用范围,成为构建测度体系的关键.当前已有众多研究提出数量相当可观的量化指标,本文结合国内外城市紧凑性定量研究进展,根据表征紧凑内涵的不同将其归纳为形状、规模、密度、结构、功能和过程6 类,分析了不同类型指标的适用范围,并以结构类指标为例,采用南京和苏州的实际建设用地数据,根据指标自身稳定特性识别的实用性和局限性,达到评判和筛选指标的目的.结果显示:指标能有效指示建设用地的实际空间结构特征;4 个指标受尺度变化的影响不强烈,具有良好的应用性能,其中Gini 系数和Moran’s I 在应用中,前提条件局限小,适用广泛;而连续度和向心度较直观,但在进行城市比较研究时限制条件较多.该研究结果能够为城市紧凑性量化研究提供一定的借鉴,并指导城市规划与管理政策制定. 相似文献