赤潮微藻对指状许水蚤生殖、生长和发育的影响

在实验室条件下研究了4种赤潮微藻:中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashi-wo)、塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)和东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)以及赤潮异弯藻不同组分对海洋桡足类指状许水蚤(Schmackeria inopinus)生殖、生长和发育的影响。结果表明:(1)4种赤潮微藻能够显著延迟指状许水蚤的抱卵时间并导致抱卵率的降低(P0.05),塔玛亚历山大藻、东海原甲藻和赤潮异弯藻导致指状许水蚤卵囊发育所需时间和抱卵间隔时间的明显延长(P0.05),与对照组相比差异显著;(2)4种赤潮微藻明显抑制了指状许水蚤的发育过程(P0.05),其中赤潮异弯藻作用最为显著;(3)赤潮异弯藻4种组分:细胞液、细胞破碎液、细胞过滤液和细胞重悬浮液均能够延迟指状许水蚤抱卵时间,降低其抱卵率,同时藻细胞过滤液、藻细胞重悬浮液和藻细胞液显著延长了指状许水蚤卵囊发育时间和抱卵间隔时间(P0.05);4种组分均可对指状许水蚤的发育产生明显影响(P0.05),但只有藻细胞液对其生长影响显著(P0.05)。结果表明,4种赤潮微藻均能对指状许水蚤的生殖、生长和发育过程产生不利影响,进而对其生活史特征和种群数量产生影响。     

Cadmium and phosphorus cycling in the water column of the South China Sea: The roles of biotic and abiotic particles

The concentrations of cadmium, phosphorus, and aluminum in size-fractionated phytoplankton, zooplankton, and sinking particles are determined using ICPMS to evaluate the roles of biotic and abiotic particles on the cycling and ratios of Cd and P in the water column. Plankton were collected with a filtration apparatus equipped with 10-, 60-, and 150-μm aperture plankton nets on two occasions (2002 and 2006), and sinking particles were sampled by moored sediment traps deployed at depths of 120, 600, and 3500 m from 2004 to 2005. In contrast to what our previous study revealed, i.e., that most of the other bioactive trace metals in plankton were strongly correlated with abiotic Al and adsorbed on phytoplankton [Ho, T.Y., Wen, L.S., You, C.F., Lee, D.C., 2007. The trace metal composition of size-fractionated plankton in the South China Sea: biotic versus abiotic sources. Limnol Oceanogr 52, 1776–88.], Cd/P ratios, ranging from 0.12 to 0.34 mmol/mol P, did not vary with Al and exhibited fairly consistent values among different sizes of plankton, showing that Cd was mostly incorporated on an intracellular basis. In terms of the sinking particles, fluxes in Cd and P as well as in Cd/P ratios were strongly influenced by both biotic and abiotic particles. Overall, the Cd/P ratios in the sinking particles ranged from 0.03 to 1.2 mmol/mol, with the highest value observed in traps at 120 m during the productive season. The lowest value was observed in deep water during high flux periods for lithogenic particles. At surface depth, flux and Cd/P ratios were elevated during the most productive season in the region. The elevated ratios in the traps at 120 m were most likely related to preferential uptake of Cd for the dominant species (coccolithophores) during the productive period. Relatively, Cd/P ratios sharply decreased with increasing Al flux in deep water and ratios were much lower than the expected Cd/P ratios obtained from the relative portion of lithogenic and biogenic particles, indicating that the adsorption of soluble P into lithogenic particles was significant in the deep water during high lithogenic particle flux periods. Using averaged annual fluxes and standing stock in the water column, the residence time of biogenic Cd and P are 0.10 and 0.20, 250 and 100, and 9100 and 5000 years respectively in the top 120 m, 600 m, and water column as a whole, also showing preferential removal for Cd in the euphotic zone but relatively higher removal rates for P in the deep water. Our study suggests that the shift in microalgal community structure along with input of lithogenic minerals are both potentially important factors in influencing Cd/P ratios in oceanic water on a geological time scale.     

The statistical distribution of nearbed wave orbital velocity in intermediate coastal water depth

The statistical distribution of wave orbital velocity in intermediate coastal water depth has been quantitatively determined from the comprehensive field velocity data collected near the seabed in this study. Two ocean ADV current meters, which were mounted at 0.5 m above the seabed on two separate stainless steel tripods sitting on the seabed, were used to measure instantaneous water particle velocities at a 2 Hz sampling rate for 17.07 min every hour in two coastal water depths of 11 m and 23 m in nine field deployments over a period of 2 years. The zero-crossing method is applied to analyse the field velocity data collected in each field deployment to obtain a large sample of wave orbital velocity amplitudes of individual waves. Based on the collected field velocity data, it is found that the histogram of instantaneous wave orbital velocities perfectly follows the Gaussian distribution as commonly assumed, while the histogram of wave orbital velocity amplitudes is less accurately described by the Rayleigh distribution than the modified Rayleigh and the Weibull distribution. It is also found that large orbital velocity amplitudes are generally overestimated by the Rayleigh distribution, but well predicted by the modified Rayleigh and the Weibull distribution. The expected value of maximum orbital velocity in a velocity record of finite size is also derived from the three distributions and found to agree well with the present field data.     

Ingestion of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brachionus plicatilis</Emphasis> under different microalgae conditions

The effects of four microalgae,Chlorella vulgaris,Platymonas helgolandicavar,Isochrysis galbana,and Nitzschia closterium on the grazing and filtering rates of the marine rotifer,Brachionus plicatilis,were evaluated under laboratory conditions.The grazing rates in separate cultures of the four microalga were as follows:C.vulgaris > P.helgolandicavar > I.galbana > N.closterium.However,the filtering rates occurred in the following order:P.helgolandicavar > N.closterium > C.vulgaris > I.galbana.A mixed diets ex...     

1992年美国加州兰德斯地震——地壳结构不均匀性对地震发生的影响

为了理解地震的发生和地壳结构不均匀性的关系,利用南加州地震台网的固定台和临时台所记录的2863个兰德斯余震和区域地震,共计107401个P波和19624个S波高质量的到时数据,采用地震层析成像方法得到了兰德斯地震区P波和S波的精细的三维速度结构和泊松比分布．结果显示,地震的发生和分布与地壳结构的横向不均匀性有密切的关系．总体上看,兰德斯地震区余震成丛分布,并被低速块体截断,其中4级以上地震大多分布于P波高、低速异常过渡区域或偏向高速块体一侧,这可能是因为高速区多属地壳脆性介质,易于造成应力集中,导致地震;反之,低速度区则可能代表破碎程度较高、富含流体或温度较高区域,因而更倾向于产生无震变形．基于兰德斯地震区强震震源位置、地震区P波、S波速度异常与泊松比分布推断,兰德斯地震区可能有流体存在．地壳流体易使地壳岩石弱化,从而引发大地震．     

大别变质地体的构造样式及变形序列

大别山区晚太古代大别群变质岩系,经历了复杂的变形过程。在大别变质地块内部识别出两套大型剪切带,它们在该区构造格架形成过程中起着重要的作用。本文还分析了变质的上壳岩、片麻岩和剪切带内的变形特点。实际资料说明,剪切带内的褶皱是由于剪切的不稳定性及平行面理局部缩短形成的,这些大型地壳剪切作用多伴随有挤压流动或伸展流动。根据褶皱叠加关系以及剪切带、新成体交切关系建立了大别群总体构造序列。该区提供了一个研究中下地壳作用的窗口。     

大别山前寒武纪变质地体基本组成

本文以新城－圻春断裂为界将大别山前寒武纪变质地体划分为华北陆块南缘和场子陆块北缘两个次级变质地体，两个次级地体不仅在地球物理，构造变形方面明显不同，而且在物质成分上有显著差异，它们有各自独立的变质地层系统，遭受了不同类型的变质作用，有完全不同的岩浆活动图象，上述差异均可指示华北，扬子两古陆碰掸对接时扬子陆块北缘向北俯冲至华北陆块南缘之下，这可能包括两次合作用，从元古代开始至中生代最终结束的长期复杂     

福建省霞浦县农业地球化学初步研究

在利用全省１：２０万区域化探水系沉积物测量成果基础上，结合重点地区的土壤调查，对霞浦县的农业地球化学环境进行了分区。并开展了荔枝、茶叶、油奈、剑蛏的地球化学研究，为扩种、移殖这些名、特、优品种及合理施肥提供科学依据，揭示了地球化学解决农业问题的特殊作用。     

The Mathematic Models of the Kalman Filtering for Across-Fault Measurement

This paper makes a probe into the application of the Kalman filtering method to the data processing of across-fault measurements.On the basis of statistical regression,the mathematic and stochastic models of filtration are established by combining the regression method with Kalman filtering.In the filtering computation,not only the randomness of fault movements but also the time-dependent variation of environmental effects have been taken into consideration.By use of the adaptive filtering method,an estimation of the dynamic noise variance matrix is obtained through iteration.Models for one measuring line(leveling line or baseline),two measuring lines(both leveling lines or both baselines)and four measuring lines(two leveling lines and two baselines)are derived and established systematically.By means of these models,the data of across-fault measurements can be processed dynamically in real-time to provide the filtered values of height difference between benchmarks or baseline length at different time in     

塔里木河流域地表水资源及径流组成

塔里木河流域内水系的分布几乎包括整个塔里盆地，水资源在全流域不仅是农业的命脉，也是制约国民经济发展的重要因素，同时也是制约和影响生态环境最敏感的因子。本文根据塔里木河流域干，支流水文测站长期的实际观测资料，加以深入研究分析，对该流域各源流及干流的地表水资源量，径流组成以及年内分配情况，提出了较为翔实，可靠的数据，谨供流域水资源规划设计，管理调度等参考。