陕西省GPS基准站垂直形变的陆地水负荷效应

基于GPS、GRACE以及GLDAS 3种数据从均方根、相关性、周年振幅和相位4个方面对陕西省22个GPS基准站的垂直负荷形变进行定量分析和研究,结果表明:陕西省GPS垂向形变时间序列中,陆地水负荷形变并不明显,其中GRACE的贡献值为11.7%,GLDAS的贡献值为11.0%;GPS与GRACE以及GPS与GLDAS的相关系数大于等于0.5的站点比例分别是63%和77%;对于振幅而言,GPS的振幅最大,GRACE的振幅其次,GLDAS的振幅最小。文中研究陕西省陆地水负荷形变的量值和特征,为获取更高精度的构造形变提供依据。     

Determination of weighted mean tropospheric temperature using ground meteorological measurements

The weighted mean tropospheric temperature is a critical parameter in the conversion of wet zenith delay to precipitable water vapor in GPS Meteorology. This parameter can not be calculated from the radiosonde data in real time through the conventional methods. In this study, we first discuss the admissible error of weighted mean temperature to enable the accuracy of the conversion better than 1 mm, then summarize the performance of some of the existing methods. An empirical formula is established that satisfies the real-time requirement in GPS meteorology using Sequential Regression Analysis method. It is shown that this real-time formula as compared with other empirical methods is more accurate for local applications.     

基于精度因子几何结构的独立伪卫星布局研究

在室内、地下及外太空等无法接收GPS信号的区域,可组建独立的伪卫星星座来取代GPS系统,以实现区域正常的导航定位功能。但伪卫星的数量与布局将直接影响独立系统导航定位的精度、可用性及可靠性,是伪卫星应用到工程实践中需要解决的关键问题之一。本文利用几何的观点推导了精度因子的另一种表达形式,基于精度因子的几何结构特征揭示卫星分布与精度因子之间的内在联系,由此提出３种导致精度因子出现奇异值的伪卫星布局结构,并通过设计的试验加以验证,最后给出独立伪卫 星系统布局的设计原则。     

亚洲中部干旱区气候变化与丝路文明变迁研究:进展与问题

亚洲中部干旱区是对全球气候变化响应最为敏感的地区之一,也是水文变化剧烈和生态环境脆弱的地区。该地区包括了古丝绸之路的主体,在东西方交流和丝路文明兴衰历史中发挥了关键的作用。科学评估全球增温背景下亚洲中部干旱区人类社会可持续发展面临的风险,是广受关注的重大科学问题。东西方交流和丝路文明发展历史及其与气候环境变化关系的研究,可为认识该地区不同时间尺度人地关系演变的规律提供科学依据。通过总结东西方交流与丝路文明兴衰历史、亚洲中部干旱区全新世气候变化过程、多时间尺度气候一水文变化机制以及人与环境相互作用的过程与规律等领域的研究进展,提出目前亚洲中部干旱区全新世气候环境变化时空格局和丝路文明演化的过程,以及人与环境相互作用机制的研究存在明显不足。破解亚洲中部干旱区气候变化和文化演化研究区域不均衡问题,加强地学与考古学等多学科交叉研究,是推进气候变化与丝路文明变迁研究的有效途径。这对理解该地区人地关系演化规律、应对气候变化带来的挑战、服务国家“一带一路”倡议具有重要的科学价值和现实意义。     

地心坐标系与站心坐标系中的速度转换及误差传播

详细推导了由地心坐标系中到测站坐标系中的速度转换公式及误差传播公式,并且计算了931个GPS测站点在球面测站坐标系与椭球面测站坐标系中速度分量之间的差别。结果表明,测站高度对速度归算影响的相对变化量在10^-4～10^-3量级（对于厘米级的速度分量而言。可以忽略不计）,球面站心坐标系和椭球面站心坐标系下的速度分量差别主要表现在测站速度的北分量上,通常为10^-6～10^-5量级。可以忽略不计。但是,对于垂直速度分量较大的测站,两者的差别比较明显。     

Modeling of unsaturated granular flows by a two-layer approach

Flows of partially saturated grain-fluid mixtures over complex curved topography are commonly observed in nature. However, comprehensive understanding of the physics behind them is to date out of reach. To investigate their dynamic process, a two-layer approach is proposed, in which the fluid-saturated granular layer is overlaid by the pure granular material. More specifically, the lower layer is described by a two-phase mixture theory of density preserving solid and fluid constituents. For the upper layer, the single-phase granular mass is treated as a frictional Coulomb-like continuum, and the dilation effect and the influence of the interstitial air are ignored. The capillarity effects and grains-size segregation are not considered in both the layers. The lower and upper layers interact at an interface which is a material surface for the fluid phase, but across which the mass exchange for the granular phase may take place. The granular mass exchange across the layer interface is parameterized by an entrainment type postulate. In addition, the classical jump conditions are employed to connect both layers at the interface dynamically. Furthermore, we perform the depth-averaged technique for the saturated grain-fluid mixture lower layer and the pure granular upper layer, respectively, to simplify the governing equations established. It is demonstrated that the resulting model equations can be reduced to most of the existing single-layer pure granular flow models and saturated two-phase single-layer debris flow models. Numerical solutions demonstrate that the present two-layer model can describe flows of partially saturated grain-fluid mixtures and the transition process of a saturated grain-fluid mixture into an under-saturated state.     

卫星钟差实时估计的收敛分析

就测站数量、观测时间和测站分布对估计钟差的影响进行了研究,结果表明：增加测站数量和观测时间,均有利于提高卫星钟差的估计精度;但随着测站个数的增加,计算耗时会随之增加,从而影响钟差的实时使用,因此,从兼顾钟差的精度和实时应用两方面考虑,只有选择适当的测站分布和测站个数,才有利于钟差的实时估计和应用。PPP定位中,基于估计钟差的收敛时间比基于IGS最终钟差的收敛时间更长。     

The effect of diapycnal mixing on the ventilation and CFC-11 uptake in the Southern Ocean

1. Introduction Ocean General Circulation Models (OGCMs) arekey tools in the assessment of the future ocean up-take of atmospheric greenhouse gases and heat. Fur-thermore, whereas nature experiences one realisationof the climate state, climate models can be used as alaboratory to produce a multitude of climate realisa-tions, and by that contribute to the understanding ofthe variability and stability properties of the system.It is, in this respect, crucial to evaluate the climatemodels ag…     

Seafloor sediment classification based on multibeam sonar data

The multibeam sonars can provide hydrographic quality depth data as well as hold the potential to provide calibrated measurements of the seafloor acoustic backscattering strength. There has been much interest in utilizing backscatters and images from multibeam sonar for seabed type identification and most results are obtained. This paper has presented a focused review of several main methods and recent developments of seafloor classification utilizing multibeam sonar data or/and images. These are including the power spectral analysis methods, the texture analysis, traditional Bayesian classification theory and the most active neural network approaches.     

Sensitivity of East Asian climate to the progressive uplift and expansion of the Tibetan Plateau under the mid-Pliocene boundary conditions

A global atmospheric general circulation model has been used to perform eleven idealized numerical experiments, i.e., TP10, TP10, .., TP100, corresponding to different percentages of the Tibetan Plateau altitude. The aim is to explore the sensitivity of East Asian climate to the uplift and expansion of the Tibetan Plateau under the reconstructed boundary conditions for the mid-Pliocene about 3 Ma ago. When the plateau is progressively uplifted, global annual surface temperature is gradually declined and statistically significant cooling signals emerge only in the Northern Hemisphere, especially over and around the Tibetan Plateau, with larger magnitudes over land than over the oceans. On the contrary, annual surface temperature rises notably over Central Asia and most parts of Africa, as well as over northeasternmost Eurasia in the experiments TP60 to TP100. Meanwhile, the plateau uplift also leads to annual precipitation augmentation over the Tibetan Plateau but a reduction in northern Asia, the Indian Peninsula, much of Central Asia, parts of western Asia and the southern portions of northeastern Europe. Additionally, it is found that an East Asian summer monsoon system similar to that of the present initially exists in the TP60 and is gradually intensified with the continued plateau uplift. At 850 hPa the plateau uplift induces an anomalous cyclonic circulation around the Tibetan Plateau in summertime and two anomalous westerly currents respectively located to the south and north of the Tibetan Plateau in wintertime. In the mid-troposphere, similarto-modern spatial pattern of summertime western North Pacific subtropical high is only exhibited in the experiments TP60 to TP100, and the East Asian trough is steadily deepened in response to the progressive uplift and expansion of the Tibetan Plateau.