银离子和含银不锈钢的抗菌性研究

基于银因其具有良好的广谱抗茵活性和低毒性而在医学方面有着较为广泛的应用,对银离子(硝酸银)和含银不锈钢的抗茵活性进行了初步研究。实验结果表明,在10^6CFu／mL的初始接种浓度下,银离子对枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌和假单胞茵的最小抑茵质量浓度和最小杀菌质量浓度分别为2,6,8mg／L和2,8,10mg／L。大肠杆菌经8mg／L的银离子处理2h后,有99．9％以上的细菌被破坏。含银不锈钢也表现了较强的抗菌性能。在普通的、银合金和银涂层的sus304不锈钢表面附着的单层生物膜浸泡在PBS溶液中3d后,经CFDA-DAPI双染色和荧光显微镜观察计数获得的假单胞菌的平均存活率为98．0％,38．5％和15．1％。     

Three-year assessment of particulate organic carbon fluxes in Amundsen Gulf (Beaufort Sea): Satellite observations and sediment trap measurements

Surface concentrations and vertical fluxes of particulate organic carbon (POC) were assessed in the Amundsen Gulf (southeastern Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean) over the years 2004 to 2006 by using ocean color remote-sensing imagery and sequential sediment traps moored over the ca. 400 m isobath. Environmental conditions (sea ice, wind) and oceanographic variables (temperature, salinity, fluorescence and currents) were investigated to explain the variability of POC data. Annual downward POC fluxes in 2004, 2005 and 2006 cumulated, respectively, to 3.3, 4.2 and 6.0 g C m^?2 yr^?1 at ～100 m depth, and to 1.3, 2.2 and 3.3 g C m^?2 yr^?1 at ～210 m depth. The fraction of settling POC attributable to autochthonous processes occurring at or next to ice break-up was estimated to be 75–84% of the 100 m annual fluxes and to be 61–75% of the 210 m fluxes. Over the three ice-reduced seasons, distinct scenarios between ice conditions, surface POC pools and vertical POC export at 100 m were identified: (1) in 2004, despite a normal ice break-up, a weak primary production was measured and low vertical fluxes were collected as old ice moved across the region; (2) in 2005, a lengthened ice-free period allowed an extended season of surface POC production near-shore, while an intermediate increase of vertical fluxes was recorded offshore; and (3) in 2006, a late ice melt gave rise to a pulsed ice edge bloom and to large vertical fluxes also associated with extra ice-flushed material. Linear regressions of vertical POC fluxes against satellite-derived surface POC concentrations suggested that the pelagic POC retention in the upper 100 m of the Amundsen Gulf ranged from ca. 70% to 90% depending on the timing of ice cover melt. Regardless of the inter-annual variability, the estimated fraction of the surface POC reservoir reaching the 210 m water depth was reduced to ～5%. Therefore, as the Arctic Ocean warms up, our results support the expectation that the increasing extent of the seasonal ice zone will promote the POC pathways that benefit pelagic webs rather than benthic communities.     

Improved satellite ground resolution for sea-ice observation using an inversion method and a priori information

The proposals made for improving ground resolution in satellite microwave radiometry primarily seek to sharpen the main beam and refine hardware. However, deformation and changes in electromagnetic characteristics with scanning still significantly affect the antenna patterns of large-aperture antennas. This paper proposes an advanced method with two improvements. The first improvement is related to the method used to obtain a point spreading function (PSF) filter at every spot of interest in the scanning footprint. The method estimates only a typical PSF of the footprint just below the satellite orbit and applies rotation by the angular change that occurs as the footprint moves and rotates with scanning. The second improvement is to introduce a projection onto convex sets (POCS) method into the iterative calculation to solve the inverse problem and to find the most likely estimate of ground information. Two pieces of a priori information are also introduced in the iteration to achieve rapid convergence and reasonable estimation: The brightness temperature of the ground surface is 1) smooth and 2) nonnegative. Correlations between estimated results are also taken between neighboring footprints after retrieval, and convergence is easily attained in the iteration. As no practical satellite data were available, an observational simulation was used as a case study at the lowest frequency (6.9 GHz), which has the poorest resolution. In this case study, ice margins were clearly retrieved by the algorithm when ice floes were 50 km or more apart. Irregularities like ringing, unreasonable undulation, or unreasonable values have occasionally appeared with the current method, but are absent with the proposed improved inversion method used in combination with a POCS method.     

Fluid inclusion study constraining the hydrothermal evolution of caldera-forming volcanic systems in the Sengan Area, Northern Honshu, Japan

Summary The hydrothermal evolution of the Sengan geothermal area, Northern Honshu, was studied using fluid inclusion microthermometry. Sengan is one of the most active geothermal areas in Japan, and it is dominated by andesitic to dacitic volcanic rocks of Pliocene and Quaternary age. Fluid inclusions were studied in hydrothermal minerals (quartz, calcite, anhydrite, wairakite) and in fractured igneous quartz phenocrysts from core samples retrieved from five geothermal exploration wells, which penetrated Quaternary and Tertiary formations, and intrusive rocks in or around the calderas. A caldera-hosted hydrothermal system was heated by a shallow intrusion, which produced hypersaline fluids. During the early stages some heterogeneity in fluid composition occurred, but during peak activity of the hydrothermal system, the fluid was dominantly low-salinity, and most likely of meteoric origin. We have reconstructed, by means of fluid inclusion studies, the structure of an extinct hydrothermal system in a Pliocene caldera filled with ignimbrites, and of an active hydrothermal system which is now being heated under the northern slope of Yakeyama volcano. Based on inclusion data, the aqueous fluids that circulated in the hydrothermal system ranged from very low saline (0–7 wt.% NaCl equiv.) to hypersaline (up to 60 wt.% NaCl equiv.), with temperatures ranging from 130 to 400 °C.     

Zircon U–Pb ages of Miocene granitic rocks in the Koshikijima Islands: Implications for Neogene tectonics in the Kyushu region,southwest Japan

The opening of the Japan Sea separated southwest Japan from the Eurasian continent during the Early to Middle Miocene. Since then, diverse igneous activities have occurred in relation to the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath southwest Japan. The Okinawa Trough formed in the back-arc region of the Ryukyu Arc since the Late Miocene. In the Koshikijima Islands, off the west coast of Kyushu and near the northern end of the Okinawa Trough, felsic to intermediate igneous rocks with Middle to Late Miocene radiometric ages occur as granitic intrusions and dikes. We obtained zircon U–Pb ages and whole-rock major- and trace-element compositions of Koshikijima granitic rocks to elucidate their magmagenesis. The U–Pb ages of granitic rocks in Kamikoshikijima and Shimokoshikijima and a dacite dike are about 10 Ma, suggesting that most magmatism on the Koshikijima Islands was coeval with early rifting in the Okinawa Trough. We infer that magmagenesis occurred via melting of lower crustal mafic rocks related to rifting in the Okinawa Trough based on the arc-like trace-element compositions of these I-type granites. Andesitic dikes preceded felsic igneous activity on the Koshikijima Islands, and their ages and petrochemistry will help elucidate the magmatism and tectonics in this area throughout the Miocene.     

Heavy oil exposure induces high moralities in virus carrier Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

The relationship between chemical exposure and disease outbreak in fish has not been fully defined due to the limitations of experimental systems (model fish and pathogens). Therefore, we constructed a system using the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, and viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and evaluated it by heavy oil (HO) exposure. The fish were exposed to HO at 0.3, 0.03, 0.003, and 0 g/L following VHSV infection at doses of 10(2.5) or 10(3.5) tissue culture infectious dose (TCID)50/fish. As a result, groups given the dual stressors showed more than 90% mortality. Although VHSV infection at 10(2.5) and 10(3.5) TCID50/fish without HO exposure also induced high mortality, at 68.8% and 81.3%, respectively, HO exposure induced faster and higher mortality in the virus carrier fish, indicating that chemical stressors raise the risk of disease outbreak in fish. The experimental system established in this study could be useful for chemical risk assessment.     

Mobility and impact of trace metals in Barapukuria coal mining area, Northwest Bangladesh

Trace metals were analyzed in water and sediment samples from Barapukuria coal mine area of Bangladesh in order to evaluate their mobility and possible environment consequences. Cadmium is the most mobile element with an average partition coefficient (log K _d ) of 2.95 L/kg, while V is the least mobile element with a mean log K _d of 5.50 L/kg, and their order of increasing mobility is: V < As < Pb < Fe < Cr < Se < Mn < Ni < Zn < Cu < Ba < Sr < Cd. Contents of organic carbon in sediment samples shows strong positive correlations with most trace metals as revealed by the multivariate geostatistical analysis. The overall variation in concentration is mainly attributed to the discharge of effluents originating from the coal mining activities around the study area. Compared to their background, Ni and Cu are the most enriched while significant enrichment of As, Mn, Ba, Sr, Cr, and Pb is also observed in the sediments. Geoaccumulation indices (I _geo ) suggest sediments are moderately to heavily polluted with respect to Ni and Cu. The metal pollution index (MPI) varied from 91.91 to 212.01 and the highest value is found at site CM03 that is close to discharge point. The sediment quality guideline index (SQG-I _Intervention ) values (0.56–1.52) suggest that the sediments at the study area have moderate to high ecotoxicological risk.