Impact of impoundment on groundwater seepage in the Three Gorges Dam in China based on CFCs and stable isotopes

It is a common concern that the groundwater flow field caused by the Three Gorges Dam changes the regional seismic activity and environment. The changes in the seepage region could be effectively reflected through the analysis of the groundwater age using chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)-based techniques. In this study, the influences of the reservoir water on groundwater and the seepage region boundary of the reservoir were investigated using CFCs, stable isotopes, and water level in groundwater, reservoir water, and spring water during the water storage process of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The results show that the water supplied by the groundwater is older, whereas the water supplied by the reservoir and the springs is younger. With an increase in the water level of the reservoir, the water in well W3, which is located at the vice dam of the head region, becomes older due to the reservoir loading effect, whereas the water in well W4 become younger due to the lateral seepage of reservoir water. This finding indicates that the groundwater seepage regions in wells W3 and W4, which are located at upstream of the reservoir, are all influenced by the Three Gorges Reservoir. In contrast, the sampling points in the northern section of the Xiannvshan fault zone, which is farther from the dam, did not exhibit any direct hydraulic connection between the groundwater and the reservoir water; thus, the reservoir seepage effects may not affect the northern part of the Xiannvshan fault zone. These research results provide important reference data that can be used to analyze the effects of the Three Gorges reservoir storage on the regional environment.     

长江三角洲DY03孔沉积物元素地球化学及其物源示踪意义

长江三角洲地区是寻找长江历史演化信息的关键地区之一。本文通过DY03孔长时间序列元素地球化学的研究,利用元素地球化学特征示踪物源变化,初步揭示长江三角洲地区物源变化的总体情况,分析讨论长江三角洲地区沉积记录对长江贯通的指示意义。研究发现,在晚上新世31Ma左右时期,钻孔中指示物源变化的 K₂O/Al₂O₃, SiO₂/Al₂O₃, Zr/Ti,Th/Sc,Th/Co,Th/Cr,Nb/Co等元素比值都发生由高到低的显著变化,而3.1Ma之后元素比值变化不大。化学风化A-CN-K图解也进一步说明在3.1Ma前后,沉积物具有不同的化学风化趋势。以上特征说明,在晚上新世时期本区物源曾发生重大变化,表现为沉积物来源由近源转变为远源,源岩由酸性长英质矿物为主转变为基性矿物为主。这次物源变化很可能说明最早在晚上新世长江上游物质已经通过长江三峡输送到现代长江三角洲地区。     

胡焕庸线两侧人口的空间分异性及其变化

胡焕庸线作为人地关系的重要地理大发现之一,揭示了中国人口分布东密西疏的重要特征,是人文与经济地理学对社会的重要贡献之一。本文采用地理探测器等定量方法,以人口普查数据为基础,对胡焕庸线两侧人口分布的分异性特征进行了深入讨论,并尝试解释中国人口分布特征变化的原因及其机制。结果表明：① 胡焕庸线作为中国最重要的人口分界线仍基本保持稳定,但从空间统计学分异特征来看该分界线仍可进一步优化调整;② 胡焕庸线两侧内部人口集聚模式发生着明显变化,东南半壁人口分布由改革开放之前和初期的相对均衡状态,转变为以长三角、珠三角等少数区域为中心的集聚模式;而西北半壁人口分布的集聚程度则趋于下降;③ 从人口空间分布的影响因素看,尽管总体上,经济发展类因素对于人口空间分布影响不断增强,但三大阶梯等自然地理本底条件依然对中国人口分布有着重要影响。     

藏、汉对比视角下的城市空间环境认知研究——以中国西藏日喀则市为例

以分布式认知理论为基础,采用质性研究法、数量分析法以及GIS空间分析技术,探讨日喀则市藏族、汉族居民对城市空间环境认知的异同性。研究表明,藏族对城市空间环境的认知得分高于汉族对城市空间环境的认知得分。藏族、汉族对城市空间环境的认知水平可分为高、中、低3类。认知空间呈现圈层结构与混合结构模式,可分为藏汉一致性、藏族独立以及汉族独立3种认知空间类型。影响居民对城市空间环境的认知因素有共性因素和差异性因素。景观走廊质量、宜居性、基础设施两项是藏族居民关注的主要影响因素,汉族居民更关注公共服务设施的服务能力以及对当地文化的融入感。     

A new method of testing pile using dynamic P-S-curve made by amplitude of wave train

A new method of detecting the vertical bearing capacity for single-pile with high strain is discussed in this paper. A heavy hammer or a small type of rocket is used to strike the pile top and the detectors are used to record vibration graphs. An expression of higher degree of strain (deformation force) is introduced. It is testified theoretically that the displacement, velocity and acceleration cannot be obtained by simple integral acceleration and differential velocity when long displacement and high strain exist, namely when the pile phase generates a whole slip relative to the soil body. That is to say that there are non-linear relations between them. It is educed accordingly that the force P and displacement S are calculated from the amplitude of wave train and (dynamic) P-S curve is drew so as to determine the yield points. Further, a method of determining the vertical bearing capacity for single-pile is discussed. A static load test is utilized to check the result of dynamic test and determine the correlative constants of dynamic-static P(Q)-S curve. Foundation item: Key projects of the tenth Five-year Plan of Yunnan Province (documented Yunnan district [2002]54-02-02) and Geophysical Society of Yunnan Province.     

松嫩平原典型黑土分布区土壤呼吸研究

在松嫩平原典型黑土分布区,选择耕地、休耕地、自然荒地3种土地利用方式进行土壤CO₂呼吸研究。采用壕沟隔断法,探讨了植物根系呼吸在不同土地利用方式下的差异,采用温度敏感系数Q10分析了不同土地利用方式下土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性。结果表明: 土壤呼吸受多方面因素影响,包括土壤温度、湿度、植被类型、农业生产活动等。土壤呼吸日变化过程中,温度是影响土壤呼吸速率的决定性因素。在夏季植物根系呼吸所占的比例最大,超过了50％,春秋两季根系呼吸所占的比例相对较少。受植物种类及植物根系呼吸在土壤呼吸中所占比例大小的影响,在3种不同的土地利用方式下根系自养呼吸所占的比例大小顺序依次为荒地>休耕地>耕地。有根系的土壤呼吸对土壤温度升高的反应要敏感些。     

深圳“12.20”渣土场远程流化滑坡动力过程分析

文章采用DAN3D数值方法对深圳人工堆填体滑坡运动过程进行了模拟研究,探讨了深圳“12.20”滑坡远程动力成灾过程。通过研究得到以下几点结论:（1）滑坡后破坏运动主要分为两个阶段:前一阶段为滑源区内运动,体现了高孔隙水压力下滑剪切;后一阶段为在流通区和堆积区内运动,体现了高饱和度滑体流动（涌动）剪切。（2）饱水渣土滑坡远程流化运动分析中,摩擦模型适合模拟孔隙水压力作用下的滑源区渣土体的失稳下滑运动过程;宾汉姆模型适合模拟非牛顿流体饱和渣土体的流化剪切过程;摩擦-宾汉姆组合模型更适用于该类型滑坡全过程的反演运动分析。（3）深圳滑坡后破坏运动速度变化主要经历了“启动-加速-持速-减速”的运动过程,高含水渣土的固-流转化致使滑坡远程运动,并造成巨大伤亡损失。（4）模拟结果显示:堆积区平均堆积厚度为11 m,堆积范围为0.4 km 2,最大运动速度为30 m/s,最大速度发生于距滑坡后缘620 m处,堆积范围、堆积厚度和运动速度同滑坡实际值基本一致。上述研究思路和方法对城市地质中渣土滑坡灾害的危险区划和渣土场科学选址评估具有一定借鉴意义。     

抽水地面沉降预计的随机介质模型

本文视抽水引起的地面沉降为一随机过程,应用随机介质理论和土力学基本原理,建立了随机介质模型,对抽水地面沉降及变形分布进行了分析预测,计算实例表明,该模型是有铲的。     

海口ZK26井多层位水温对比观测

在系统清理海口ZK26井3个不同层位(-153 m、-336 m、-510 m)近10年观测资料对比的基础上,对比单井多层位水温动态多年趋势、年、月、日动态类型,并对其不同动态类型的成因及影响因素进行分析.对比观测结果表明,海口ZK26井不同层位的水温表现出不同的正常动态特征,与观测层位的水文条件、水力性质有着密切的联...