Effects of gas pricing reform on China’s price level and total output

Natural gas plays an important role in the mitigation of climate change, yet its development is constrained by the current natural gas pricing mechanism in China. In the context of the natural gas pricing reform, this paper analyzes the potential effects on price level and total output. Through the input–output model, some conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) The gas pricing reform has relatively great impact on the products’ price of the sectors that have large gas consumption, such as industrial sectors and some service sectors, and on the total output of the gas production and supply sectors and the petroleum and natural gas extraction sectors, whereas the reform has relatively small impact on other industries; (2) effects of gas pricing reform on urban and rural residents are dissymmetrical, with larger effects on urban residents and (3) the reform has relatively small impacts on both various price indices and total output levels; thus, the government can realize the promotion of gas pricing reform nationwide at a cost of relatively small increase in general price level and little lose of total output.

     

兰坪金顶铅锌矿床泥底辟流体成矿特征初探

兰坪金顶铅锌矿床的成矿过程与油气的生成有许多相似之处,泥底辟构造在金顶铅锌矿床的成矿过程中起着极为重要的作用。首先,随着泥底辟的上侵,塑性泥流夹带大量气体到构造圈闭中释放压力,扩大成矿空间;其次,流体的去气作用在构造圈闭中进行一系列的强改造活动,进而促使铅锌矿体的形成。文章通过对金顶铅锌矿床形成有关的泥底辟流体的来源、流体形成原因、流体在张性-挤压走滑盆地阶段的演化及金顶铅锌矿床成矿的泥底辟流体特征的分析,认为兰坪金顶铅锌矿床的形成与泥底辟构造密切相关,该矿床具泥底辟流体的成矿特征。     

模拟酸雨及施磷对水稻土中铅的淋溶特性影响

采用pH=3.0、pH=4.5与对照pH=5.6的3种模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究酸雨及含磷酸雨淋溶下合肥市郊水稻土中铅的释放特征与规律。结果表明:经过相当于1 980 mm降水量的淋溶后,铅释放量总体上表现为随着酸雨强度增加累积淋溶量也增加的现象。酸雨作用下,施磷量越多土壤中铅的淋失总量越大。在酸雨及施磷条件下,大兴地区黄褐土中Pb较义城地区水稻土中易于淋失。     

女34断块水平井提高采收率开发实践

舍女寺油田女34断块是大港油区典型的低渗透块状砂岩断块油藏，由于储层严重的非均质性，注水开发见效快、水淹快，并且形成油藏次生底水，作为水平井技术改善低渗透油藏开发效果的先导试验区块，经过深入地质研究和可行性论证，又相继完钻2口水平井，同时进行注采井网调整，编制了水平井和直井采油、直井注水的混合外网调整方案，方案实施后，断块采油速度由0．6％提高到2．6％，采收率提高8个百分点，开发效果显改善，实践证明水半井技术是改善低渗透非均质断块油藏开发效果的有效手段之一。     

曲线拟合在核探测器信号幅度提取中的应用

研究数字化核探测器输出脉冲信号的幅度提取问题。根据闪烁探测器的电路特性，推导了其脉冲信号理想曲线方程。综合利用三和值法、最小二乘法、试探法等方法，设计了该理想曲线拟合算法。由脉冲信号采样点数据，通过曲线拟合，计算出曲线的极大值，该值即为闪烁探测器输出脉冲信号的幅度。正反演数据结果对比表明，采用曲线拟合算法提取闪烁探测器输出脉冲信号幅度，其方案可行，计算结果更准确。相较于数字滤波和数字脉冲成形方法提取核探测器输出脉冲幅度，该算法更简单，对仪器的硬件处理速度要求更低。该方法开辟了核探测器脉冲幅度提取的新途径。     

陕北砂黄土区公路地质灾害及防治对策

中国西北黄土的颗粒组成具有明显的地带性分布规律，自NW向SE可依次划分为砂黄土带、典型黄土带和粘黄土带。黄土高原北部地质灾害综合调查表明，砂黄土区公路地质灾害的主要类型包括黄土边坡滑塌灾害、路堤裂陷灾害、路桥变形和冲蚀灾害等。根据试验测试分析结果，公路地质灾害的形成主要受黄土本身的物质组成、结构及力学性质控制，人类工程活动的盲目性是诱发地质灾害的重要因素。文章在砂黄土公路地质灾害特征分析的基础上，提出加强边坡防护和冲蚀灾害防治是公路地质灾害防治的两个基本途径，并给出了针对性的防治对策。这不仅对该地区的公路建设具有重要的指导作用，而且对其它生命线工程如铁路、输油气管道、渠道等也具有重要的借鉴意义。     

闽北邵武地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿预测

邵武地区位于浙中—武夷山(隆起)W-Sn-Mo-Au-Ag-Pb-Zn-Nb-Ta-(叶腊石)-萤石成矿带(Ⅲ-81), 闽西北萤石矿成矿亚带(Ⅳ-1)的西南部, 具有较好的找矿前景。本次综合研究元素的地球化学特征参数, 元素R聚类相关性、单元素异常特征等, 表明F、Au、Pb、Zn、Nb、Ta等元素具有一定的找矿潜力, 并圈定单元素异常652个, 综合异常26处; 依据水系沉积物异常、筛选、评序及主要异常解释推断的成果, 结合区内成矿地质构造背景, 圈定村尾—下炉铅锌矿、吴家塘—南山下萤石矿、祝岭—洋半天萤石矿和铅锌矿、半岭—张厝萤石矿找矿预测区4处, 为该区下一步找矿工作提供了勘查方向和重要参考; 优选出半岭—张厝萤石矿找矿预测区, 通过野外路线地质调查、槽探等手段进行了异常查证, 得到了较好的找矿预期效果。     

Numerical simulation and evaluation of the fracturing and tight gas production with a new dimensionless fracture conductivity (FCD) model

Hydraulic fracturing is an essential technology for the development of unconventional resources such as tight gas. The evaluation of the fracture performance and productivity is important for the design of fracturing operations. However, the traditional dimensionless fracture conductivity is too simple to be applied in real fracturing operations. In this work, we proposed a new model of dimensionless fracture conductivity (F_CD), which considers the irregular fracture geometry, proppant position and concentration. It was based on the numerical study of the multistage hydraulic fracturing and production in a tight gas horizontal well of the North German Basin. A self-developed full 3D hydraulic fracturing model, FLAC3D^plus, was combined with a sensitive/reliability analysis and robust design optimization tool optiSLang and reservoir simulator TMVOCMP to achieve an automatic history matching as well as simulation of the gas production. With this tool chain, the four fracturing stages were history matched. The simulation results show that all four fractures have different geometry and proppant distribution, which is mainly due to different stress states and injection schedule. The position and concentration of the proppant play important roles for the later production, which is not considered in the traditional dimensionless fracture conductivity F_CD. In comparison, the newly proposed formulation of F_CD could predict the productivity more accurately and is better for the posttreatment evaluation.

     

Mechanical behaviors of conjugate-flawed rocks subjected to coupled static–dynamic compression

Conjugate flaws widely exist in rock masses and play a significant role in their deformation and strength properties. Understanding the mechanical behaviors of rock masses containing conjugate flaws is conducive to rock engineering stability assessment and the related supporting design. This study experimentally investigates the mechanical properties of conjugate-flawed sandstone specimens under coupled static–dynamic compression, thereby providing insight into how conjugate fractures interact to produce tracing tensional joints. Results indicate that the coupled compressive strength and the dynamic elastic modulus of conjugate-flawed rock specimens show remarkable loading rate dependence. For a fixed strain rate, the specimen with a static pre-stress equal to 60% of its uniaxial compressive strength has the highest coupled strength. Besides, both higher static pre-stress and strain rate can induce smaller mean fragment size and greater fractal dimension of the specimen, corresponding to a more uniform distribution of the broken fragments with smaller sizes. When the static pre-stress is lower than 80%UCS, the flawed specimen under a higher strain rate is characterized by higher absorbed energy. However, when the pre-stress equals 80%UCS, the value of the energy absorbed by the specimen in the dynamic loading process is negative due to the release of the preexisting considerable elastic strain energy input from the static pre-loading. As for the failure modes, cracks always penetrate the preexisting ipsilateral flaw tips to form anti-wing cracks. Under dynamic loading, the conjugate-flawed specimen generally shows tensile failure at a low strain rate, while the shear failure dominates at a high strain rate. In addition, based on progressive failure processes of the conjugate-flawed rock specimens, the evolution of tracing tensional joints in the field is discussed.

     

The initial impoundment of the Baihetan reservoir region (China) exacerbated the deformation of the Wangjiashan landslide: characteristics and mechanism

Landslides - Reservoir landslides greatly threaten reservoir safety. Understanding the deformation characteristics and mechanism of reservoir landslides can help evaluate their stability and...