湖北西南部构造地质

湖北省西南部地質構造形態,可以分別為華夏式與新華夏式。華夏式構造為本區主要構造形式,走向東北——西南。顯著的褶縐有十一個背斜(看附圖F_2-4,F₆,F₈,F₁₁,F_13-15,F₁₇,F₂₁),十二個向斜(F₁,F₅,F₇,F_9-10,F₁₁F₁₆,F₁₉,F_20-22,F₂₆);還有九個逆掩斷層(T_3-11)。褶縐形狀是寬而長,各軸向略呈平行,有向兩端延長達幾百公里的,有向一端延展的,或兩端傾消的。較新地層居向斜中部,較老地層居背軸軸部。向斜軸部地層傾斜平緩（傾角15°—30°）,在兩翼傾斜較陡（傾角35°—70°）,有時直立。至於逆掩斷層(T_3-11),斷層走向與褶縐走向相同,T₃（看附图）是最顯著的,向兩端延長达60公里,斷層面傾向西北,上衝體從西北向东南推動。其餘斷層延長較短,上衝體有從西北向東南,亦有從東南向西北推動,情况不一。新華夏式構造在本區內居次。褶縐走向北北东—南南西,成狭而長的形狀。向斜軸部地層傾斜較陡（傾角45°—80°）,而在背斜軸部傾斜較緩。属於此系的逆掩斷層,T₁在齊嶽山之东麓,T₂在川利縣之西,T₉在咸豐縣之南,T₁₁及T₁₂都在F₁₈向斜西翼。斷層走向都是北北東-南南西,舆褶縐走向相同。 華夏式與新华夏式二系構造干涉現象異常顯著,如向斜（F₁）軸部被逆掩斷層（T₂）截割為二,背斜(F₁₃)的西南段被逆掩斷層阻切,向斜與背斜原來都成東北—西南走向,被成北北東—南南西向的逆掩斷層所阻切。亦有褶縐受阻撓而折轉成北北東—南南西向,如F₇,F₈,F₁₀;可以證明華夏式構造受新華夏式構造所阻切。 華夏式被新華夏式所截切或干涉,二者造山運動時期,自然前者較早,約在白堊纪的後期;後者較晚,在白堊紀之後,可能在第三紀初期。     

Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Southeast China Block: New insights from basin analysis

In order to better understand the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of Southeast China Block (SECB in short), this paper describes geological features of Mesozoic basins that are widely distributed in the SECB. The analyzed data are derived from a regional geological investigation on various Mesozoic basins and a recently compiled 1:1,500,000 geological map of Mesozoic–Cenozoic basins. Two types of basin are distinguished according to their tectonic settings, namely, the post-orogenic basin (Type I) and the intracontinental extensional basin (Type II); the latter includes the graben and the half-graben or faulted-depression basins. Our studies suggest that the formation of these basins connects with the evolution of geotectonics of the SECB. The post-orogenic basin (Type I) was formed in areas from the piedmont to the intraland during the interval from Late Triassic to Early Jurassic; and the formation of the intracontinental extensional basin (Type II) connects with an intracontinental crustal thinning setting in the Late Mesozoic. The graben basin was generated during the Middle Jurassic and is associated with a bimodal volcanic eruption; and the half-graben or faulted-depression basin, filled mainly by the rhyolite, tuff and sedimentary rocks during Early Cretaceous, is occupied by the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene red-colored terrestrial clastic rocks. We noticed that the modern outcrops of numerous granites and basins occur in a similar level, and the Mesozoic granitic bodies contact with the adjacent basins by large normal faults, suggesting that the modern landforms between granites and basins were yielded by the late crustal movement. The modern basin and range framework was settled down in the Cretaceous. Abundant sedimentary structures are found in the various basins, from that the deposited environments and paleo-currents are concluded; during the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic time, the source areas were situated to the north and northeast sides of the outcrop region. In this paper, we present the study results on one geological and geographical separating unit and two separating fault zones. The Wuyi orogenic belt is a Late Mesozoic paleo-geographically separating unit, the Ganjiang fault zone behaves as the western boundary of Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks, and the Zhenghe–Dapu fault zone separates the SE-China Coastal Late Mesozoic volcanic-sedimentary basins and the Wuyi orogenic belt. Finally, we discuss the geodynamic mechanisms forming various basins, proposing a three-stage model of the Mesozoic sedimentary evolution.     

STRATIGRAPHY OF SOUTHEASTERN HUPEI

The geology, of the southeastern part or Hupei has been studied by Mr. Seijirro Noda of the Japanese Geographical Society in 1912. A geological map in the scale of 1:400,000 was prepared by him, covering the districts Ta Yeh, Yang Sing, O Cheng and Wu Chang. Mr. Noda classified the sedimentary rocks into the following series:     

Pumpellyite in Low-grade Metamorphism

The regional metamorphism of the Kant? Mountains in Japan producedrocks of the following facies, with rising temperature: chloritefacies, pumpellyite-chlorite facies, glauco-phane-schist facies,and greenschist facies. This relationship is compared with theprogressive metamorphic zones in other regions where pumpellyitehas been found. Almost similar relations appear to hold in manymetamorphic terrains. Pumpellyites in glaucophanitic metamorphicterrains have, generally, low Fe'/R'R ratios. Physical andchemical conditions responsible for the formation of pumpellyiteare also discussed.     

Comparison of arsenic concentrations in simultaneously-collected groundwater and aquifer particles from Bangladesh,India, Vietnam,and Nepal

One of the reasons the processes resulting in As release to groundwater in southern Asia remain poorly understood is the high degree of spatial variability of physical and chemical properties in shallow aquifers. In an attempt to overcome this difficulty, a simple device that collects groundwater and sediment as a slurry from precisely the same interval was developed in Bangladesh. Recently published results from Bangladesh and India relying on the needle-sampler are augmented here with new data from 37 intervals of grey aquifer material of likely Holocene age in Vietnam and Nepal. A total of 145 samples of filtered groundwater ranging in depth from 3 to 36 m that were analyzed for As (1–1000 μg/L), Fe (0.01–40 mg/L), Mn (0.2–4 mg/L) and S (0.04–14 mg/L) are compared. The P-extractable (0.01–36 mg/kg) and HCl-extractable As (0.04–36 mg/kg) content of the particulate phase was determined in the same suite of samples, in addition to Fe(II)/Fe ratios (0.2–1.0) in the acid-leachable fraction of the particulate phase. Needle-sampler data from Bangladesh indicated a relationship between dissolved As in groundwater and P-extractable As in the particulate phase that was interpreted as an indication of adsorptive equilibrium, under sufficiently reducing conditions, across 3 orders of magnitude in concentrations according to a distribution coefficient of 4 mL/g. The more recent observations from India, Vietnam and Nepal show groundwater As concentrations that are often an order of magnitude lower at a given level of P-extractable As compared to Bangladesh, even if only the subset of particularly reducing intervals characterized by leachable Fe(II)/Fe >0.5 and dissolved Fe >0.2 mg/L are considered. Without attempting to explain why As appears to be particularly mobile in reducing aquifers of Bangladesh compared to the other regions, the consequences of increasing the distribution coefficient for As between the particulate and dissolved phase to 40 mL/g for the flushing of shallow aquifers of their initial As content are explored.     

Levels, seasonal variations, and health risks assessment of ambient air pollutants in the residential areas

People living in the urban area and the surrounding suburban area have disparities in exposure and health risks due to different levels of ambient air pollutants. The main objective of this study is to investigate the concentrations, seasonal variations, and related health risks of ambient air pollutants (PM₁₀, NO₂, and SO₂) in urban and suburban areas of Ningbo, China. The results showed that the average PM₁₀, NO₂, and SO₂ concentrations in the urban area were 85.2, 49.3, and 37.4 μg/m³, which were 1.13, 1.25, and 1.41 times the values of the suburban area during the period of March 2009 to February 2010. For the potential health risk analysis, the residents have been divided into four age categories namely, infants, children (1 year), children (8–10 years), and adults. The analysis took into account age-specific breathing rates, body weights for different age categories. The results showed that the potential health risks to respiratory disease for all age categories living in urban area were higher than those in suburban area.     

UPPER CAMBRIAN OF KAIPING BASIN.

The Cambrian of China is developed in Yunnan, Shantung, Chihliand Manchuria. The first collection of Cambrian fossils was made by VonRichthofen and described by Dames and Kayser. Dames studied thetrilobites and Kayser described the brachiopods.     

The nature of scattered and concretion pyrite in the Upper Abalak Formation of the Salym oil field (Western Siberia)

Dispersed and concretionary pyrite in chert–clay–carbonate and carbonate rocks of the Abalak Formation (Salym oil field) have been studied. The study was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA), and high spatial resolution Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (Nano-SIMS). As a result, three morphological groups of pyrite have been distinguished: large cubic crystals, framboidal pyrite, and fine-crystal aggregates that replace organic remnants. The sulphur isotope ratio allows one to distinguish two genetic types of pyrite. The source of the sulphur for the first genetic group was H₂S produced by bacterial sulphate reduction, while the second group pyrite was formed with sulphur as a product of thermochemical sulphate reduction.     

An Outline of the Geological Structure of the Western Hills of Peiping

As a pioneer worker in almost every phase of the Chinese geology,the late Dr. V. K. Ting was also a pioneer and enthusiastic worker inthe geology of the Western Hills. It was due to his noble effort andsupervision that the first systematic investigation of 1916 was carried out     

A Two-Dimensional Alfvén-Wave-Driven Solar Wind Model

This paper presents a two-dimensional, Alfvén-wave-driven solar wind model, in which the wave energy is assumed to cascade from the low-frequency Alfvén waves to high-frequency ion cyclotron waves and to be transferred to the solar wind protons by cyclotron resonance at the Kolmogorov rate. A typical structure in the meridional plane consisting of a coronal streamer near the Sun, a fast wind in high latitudes, and a slow wind across the heliospheric current sheet, is found. The fast wind obtained in the polar region is essentially similar to that derived by previous one-dimensional flow-tube models, and its density profile in the vicinity of the Sun roughly matches relevant observations. The proton conditions at 1 AU are also consistent with observations for both the fast and slow winds. The Alfvén waves appear in the fast- and slow-wind regions simultaneously and have comparable amplitudes, which agrees with Helios observations. The acceleration and heating of the solar wind by the Alfvén waves are found to occur mainly in the near-Sun region. It is demonstrated in terms of one-dimensional calculations that the distinct properties of the fast and slow winds are mainly attributed to different geometries of the flow tubes associated with the two sorts of winds. In addition, the 2-D and 1-D simulations give essentially the same results for both the fast and the slow winds.