Impacts of diverted freshwater on dissolved organic matter and microbial communities in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, U.S.A

Here we present results of an initial assessment of the impacts of a water diversion event on the concentrations and chemical composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bacterioplankton community composition in Barataria Bay, Louisiana U.S.A, an important estuary within the Mississippi River Delta complex. Concentrations and spectral properties of DOM, as reflected by UV/visible absorbance and fluorescence, were strikingly similar at 26 sites sampled along transects near two western and two eastern areas of Barataria Bay in July and September 2010. In September 2010, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was significantly higher (568.1-1043 μM C, x=755.6+/-117.7 μM C, n=14) than in July 2010 (249.1-577.1 μM C, x=383.7+/-98.31 μM C, n=14); conversely, Abs254 was consistently higher at every site in July (0.105-0.314) than in September (0.080-0.221), averaging 0.24±0.06 in July and 0.15±0.04 in September. Fluorescence data via the fluorescence index (FI450/500) revealed that only 30% (8 of 26) of the July samples had an FI450/500 above 1.36, compared to 96% (25 of 26) for the September samples. This indicates a more terrestrial origin for the July DOM. Bacterioplankton from eastern sites differed in composition from bacterioplankon in western sites in July. These differences appeared to result from reduced salinities caused by the freshwater diversion. Bacterioplankton communities in September differed from those in July, but no spatial structure was observed. Thus, the trends in bacterioplankton and DOM were likely due to changes in water masses (e.g., input of Mississippi River water in July and a return to estuarine waters in September). Discharge of water from the Davis Pond Freshwater Diversion (DPFD) through Barataria Bay may have partially mitigated some adverse effects of the oil spill, inasmuch as DOM is concerned.     

Geographical distribution of red and green Noctiluca scintillans

The dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans is one of the most important and abundant red tide organisms and it is distributed world-wide. It occurs in two forms. Red Noctiluca is heterotrophic and fills the role of one of the microzooplankton grazers in the foodweb. In contrast, green Noctiluca contains a photosynthetic symbiont Pedinomonas noctilucae (a prasinophyte), but it also feeds on other plankton when the food supply is abundant. In this review, we document the global distribution of these two forms and include the first maps of their global distribution. Red Noctiluca occurs widely in the temperate to sub-tropical coastal regions of the world. It occurs over a wide temperature range of about 10°C to 25°C and at higher salinities (generally not in estuaries). It is particularly abundant in high productivity areas such as upwelling or eutrophic areas where diatoms dominate since they are its preferred food source. Green Noctiluca is much more restricted to a temperature range of 25°C-30°C and mainly occurs in tropical waters of Southeast Asia, Bay of Bengal (east coast of India), in the eastern, western and northern Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, and recently it has become very abundant in the Gulf of Oman. Red and green Noctiluca do overlap in their distribution in the eastern, northern and western Arabian Sea with a seasonal shift from green Noctiluca in the cooler winter convective mixing, higher productivity season, to red Noctiluca in the more oligotrophic warmer summer season.     

P／T之交一个大量缺氧的分层洋的发育及其水体的短暂大规模混合作…

通过研究日本丹波地体Ｓａｓａｙａｍａ剖面和秩父地体Ｔｅｎｊｉｎｍａｒｕ剖面，获得了全岩硫化物的系统硫同位素资料。这两条剖面跨越Ｐ／Ｔ界线，以燧石为主、为连续远洋沉积层序。Ｐ／Ｔ界线以硅质页岩和黑色碳质泥岩组合为特征，黑色碳质泥岩外貌与世界广布的Ｋ／Ｔ界线粘土岩相似。     

滑坡的分形特征

巨型滑坡的滑动块体具有分形特征。其宽度分维数平均为１．２４长度分维娄秋１．４４。我们所获得的有限资料表明分九与基岩地质条件无关。主要根据滑坡块体的大小，巨型滑坡可以分为一级滑块、二级滑块和三级滑块。二级和三级滑块坡体也具有特定的分维数。没扮形特片可以由以下两方面解释：１）自相似性几何形状和２）二级和三级滑块组合产生的特定的分维数。     

Wintertime stratospheric anomalies— Part II: Sudden warmings

The process of stratospheric sudden warmings from development of planetary waves to the sudden cooling after reversal of mean zonal circulation will be studied with the primitive equations of heat and momentum balances. It will be explained that the sudden warmings may occur only in the polar regions of winter stratosphere where zonal mean temperature decreases poleward. The heating rate in the order of major warmings is produced by developed planetary waves in the stratospheric breaking layers. The particular perturbation structure characterized by large amplitude of wave 1 together with minimum of wave 2 discovered by Labitzke (1977) is crucial for initiation of major warmings. The cooling by the same mechanism can be produced in the regions with reversed mean temperature gradient.     

日本九州南部石狩第四纪火山岩中高品位浅成低温热液脉状金矿床

石狩金银矿床位于日本九州鹿儿岛东北部,该矿床于1981年发现,地质及物探工作起了重要作用。经开采证实石狩矿床是太平洋西部的一个重金矿床。从1985年7月～1988年12月,总计开采了21.7t的金和14.3t的银,在本湖(Honko)矿带,估测矿石储量为1.4×10~6t(平均品位70g/t即98t金);在最近发现的山田(Yamada)矿带,估测矿石储量为2×10~6t(平均品位20～25g/t)。本矿区基底岩石是白垩系四万十(日本最清澈的一条河即Shimanto)超群沉积岩,覆盖层为第四纪火山岩。金矿床为石英—冰长石脉型,其中伴有金银矿、硒银矿—辉硒银矿、深红银矿和蒙脱石等。为了确定金的矿化时代,测定了含矿冰长石的K—Ar年龄为更新世(0.84±0.07～1.01±0.08Ma);气液包裹体研究表明基底岩中金的沉淀温度是210℃。其上覆火山岩中金的沉淀温度小于200℃;石英脉中δ~(18)O变化范围为8.8‰～6.8‰。高品位金矿化作用直接与绿泥石化和绢云母化作用有关。在石狩脉系上部50～100m处,有一个层状粘土矿物和石英—蒙脱石蚀变带。该蚀变带围饶矿化中心分布,形成近水平的强烈泥岩化层。蚀变带的外面由方石英—蒙脱石和一些未蚀变岩石所组成。由重力测量确定近地表构造,由重力高确定基底岩块隆起,施拉贝格(Schlumberger)电测深,有效地估计了基底埋藏深度和确认了电阻率的结构。而电阻率和激发极化测量,又指出了与矿化作用有关的热液蚀变带的分布。土壤中Hg、CO_2、Rn的地球化学测量,有效地追踪了断裂构造带。高品位的金矿化区位于本湖区的沉积岩和火山岩的不整合面上。高品位金的矿化作用由两个方面造成的。一方面,当高温热液上升,由于沸腾导致金的沉泛;另一方面,在不整合面附近,上升的地下高温热液与地下水相遇,使成矿热液温度迅速降低和发生氧化作用,有利于金的进一步沉淀。     

Large scale perturbations in extratropical atmosphere—Part I: On rossby waves

This study reexamines the propagation mechanism and geostrophic property of the classical two-dimensional Rossby waves in a non-divergent barotropic atmosphere. It will be found that propagation of large scale atmospheric waves depends crucially on horizontal divergence. A small Rossby number in Rossby waves is not sufficient for the waves to have a small ageostrophic component, because the two-dimensional classical Rossby waves do not manifest the geostrophic balance as good as observed in the atmosphere.     

地质扫描公司的AMSS MKI数据在澳大利亚昆士兰某地的岩性填图中的应用

在澳大利亚昆士兰州的Ravenswood地区,已经用地质扫描公司的机载多波段扫描仪(MKI)进行过岩性填图。由于地面的标定目标物具有不均匀性,因而,不能用将DN值与地面反射率值联系起来的线性回归法。相反,对数剩余值法(Green及Craig,1985)在将三个SWIR波段的DN值转换为一组数值(这些数值的波段间模式与地面反射率值的相似)时取得了成功。通过对这三个SWIR波段的“标定”值的线性组合,计算出了“明矾石指数”和“方解石指数”,用位于VNIR波长区的3波段和4波段数据生成了“垂直植被指数”图像,三个SWIR波段的HSI彩色变换是另外一种直观表示波段内响应模式的技术。用上述的技术都成功地圈出了区内的花岗闪长岩体中的绿帘石带和绢云母带。     

Extended Impact of Cold Air Invasions in East Asia in Response to a Warm South China Sea and Philippine Sea

During boreal winter, the invasion of cold air can lead to remarkable temperature drops in East Asia which can result in serious socioeconomic impacts. Here, we find that the intensity of strong synoptic cold days in the East China Sea and Indochina Peninsula are increasing. The enhanced synoptic cold days in these two regions are attributed to surface warming over the South China Sea and Philippine Sea(SCSPS). The oceanic forcing of the SCSPS on the synoptic cold days in the two regions is veri...