Smart Sediment Particle: A novel approach to investigating fluvial bed entrainment using instrumented sensors

The Smart Sediment Particle(SSP) instrumented with multiple sensors to obtain tri-axial linear accelerations is used for studying the mechanism of coarse grain entrainment. Three bed arrangements are tested to examine their influences on entrainment processes and the threshold force and impulse conditions. The SSP shows satisfactory precision to capture the imperceptible movement tendencies immediately(e.g., 0.15 s) after the dislodgement. The experimental results show that bed packing can signi...     

Jack Hills锆石的安山质源区支持板块构造始于冥古代北大核心CSCD

地球最老的地壳组成和构造属性是地球科学研究中两个最基本的问题,但是由于缺乏合适年龄的岩石,难以进行约束。很多研究主要集中于西澳Jack Hills变质沉积岩中4.4~4.3 Ga的碎屑锆石,但是对其原岩性质的认识依然缺乏共识。对其原岩成分的推断主要基于锆石的Hf同位素组成,研究者普遍认为这些碎屑锆石来源于火成岩源区。     

降雨影响下基坑开挖施工对邻近基桩变形响应分析

目前关于基坑开挖对邻近基桩变形响应的简化理论解研究,还较少考虑基坑开挖中支护作用的影响,尤其是没有考虑降雨环境带来的土工影响。基于一种适用于不同降雨工况的分层假定Green-Ampt模型来模拟降雨入渗过程,采用两阶段分析方法,研究了降雨影响下基坑开挖与邻近基桩相互作用的问题。首先,考虑基坑开挖土体卸荷、围护结构及支撑结构的影响,采用Mindlin基本解,分析降雨影响下基坑开挖施工导致邻近基桩位置的土体附加应力;然后,基于Pasternak双参数地基模型,探讨基桩与土体之间的相互作用,求得降雨影响下单桩和群桩随降雨历时变化的水平变形响应。通过工程监测数据与理论计算结果进行对比,获得了较好的一致性。此外,也针对降雨敏感参数（降雨强度、饱和渗透系数、初始含水率、基质吸力）与基桩敏感参数（边界条件、支撑刚度、桩径、开挖深度、桩与基坑间距）进行了影响因素分析。分析结果表明,所提出的理论方法可较好地反映降雨影响下基坑开挖施工对邻近基桩的变形响应;降雨对邻近基桩变形影响显著,降雨参数敏感程度依次为：降雨强度>初始含水率>饱和渗透系数>基质吸力;随着降雨历时的增长,湿润层发展深度不断...     

Status and Trends in Research on Deep-Water Gravity Flow Deposits

Deep-water gravity flows are one of the most important sediment transport mechanisms on Earth. After 60 years of study,significant achievements have been made in terms of classification schemes,genetic mechanisms,and depositional models of deep-water gravity flows. The research history of deep-water gravity flows can be divided into five stages: incipience of turbidity current theory; formation of turbidity current theory; development of deep-water gravity flow theory; improvement and perfection of deep-water gravity flow theory; and comprehensive development of deep-water gravity flow theory. Currently,three primary classification schemes based on the sediment support mechanism,the rheology and transportation process,and the integration of sediment support mechanisms,rheology,sedimentary characteristics,and flow state are commonly used.Different types of deep-water gravity flow events form different types of gravity flow deposits. Sediment slump retransportation mainly forms muddy debris flows,sandy debris flows,and surge-like turbidity currents. Resuspension of deposits by storms leads to quasi-steady hyperpycnal turbidity currents(hyperpycnal flows). Sustainable sediment supplies mainly generate muddy debris flows,sandy debris flows,and hyperpycnal flows. Deep-water fans,which are commonly controlled by debris flows and hyperpycnal flows,are triggered by sustainable sediment supply; in contrast,deep-water slope sedimentary deposits consist mainly of debris flows that are triggered by the retransportation of sediment slumps and deep-water fine-grained sedimentary deposits are derived primarily from finegrained hyperpycnal flows that are triggered by the resuspension of storm deposits. Harmonization of classification schemes,transformation between different types of gravity flow deposit,and monitoring and reproduction of the sedimentary processes of deep-water gravity flows as well as a source-to-sink approach to document the evolution and deposition of deep-water gravity flows are the most important research aspects for future studies of deep-water gravity flows study in the future.     

Diamonds and Highly Reduced Minerals from Chromitite of the Ray-Iz Ophiolite of the Polar Urals: Deep Origin of Podiform Chromitites and Ophiolitic Diamonds

<正>The Uralide orogenic belt is a major early Paleozoic suture zone extending more than 3000 km in a N-S direction,and geographically divides Europe from Asia(Chemenda et al.,1997).Ophiolites,podiform chromitites and high pressure metamorphic rocks are well developed in the orogenic belt(Leech and Ernst,2000).The Ray-Iz     

Transition-Zone Mineral Assemblages in Peridotite Massifs, Tibet: Implications for Collision-zone Dynamics and Orogenic Peridotites

<正>Diamonds have been reported from Tibetan"ophiolites"for≥30 years,but have been widely dismissed as contaminants,because their unusual morphology and light C(δ~(13)C=-18 to–27)are unlike those of kimberlitic diamonds.However,the diamonds have now been found in situ in both the chromitites and the peridotites of     

基于地震折射剖面的菲律宾海板块15～20°N九州—帕劳海岭的地壳结构变化

得到了菲律宾海板块15～20°N之间4条垂直于九州—帕劳海岭(KPR)剖面的重合广角和多道地震反射数据。九州—帕劳海岭为晚始新世时期形成的残余岛弧,其下的地壳厚度沿走向由8km变至20km,并且总是大于西侧西菲律宾海盆和东侧帕里西维拉海盆的相邻洋壳厚度。4条剖面中地壳最厚的区域位于九州—帕劳海岭与冲之鸟礁接壤处,初步推断可能是下地壳增厚的缘故。没有明显的证据能证明,在伊豆—小笠原—马里亚纳岛弧共轭断裂对应部分之下有推测出的P波速度为6.0～6.5km/s的厚(>5km)中地壳层。我们的结果表明,15～20°N的九州—帕劳海岭之下的地壳,相对于报道有P波速度6.0km/s的中地壳层的更北部海岭地区而言,属于不太成熟的岛弧地壳。     

推断勒夫波相速度的圆形台阵微震新技术

介绍了简单而又新颖的公式,使用微震的二分量,即圆形台阵记录的水平运动直接推断勒夫波相速度(cL)时,这些公式具有帮助作用。我们的公式与一般用于推断瑞雷波相速度(cR)的微震探测技术的空间自相关(SPAC)方法的公式类似。虽然SPAC方法现有的理论确实提供了估计cL的可能性,但这只能通过求解非线性的方程组才能实现,而其中待求解的未知数也包括cR以及瑞雷波?勒夫波的幂分配比。相反,在我们公式中cL是出现的唯一未知数。基于我们推荐公式——我们称为SPAC+L、SPAC-L和CCA-L(其中CCA表示无中心圆形台阵)法——的cL估算法的现场适用范围通过2个测试点的分析结果说明。在所提出的3种技术中,SPAC+L法由于表现最佳而出名。3种方法的有效波长范围下限是台阵半径r的2～5倍区域,上限是10～25r的区域。近年来,提出了类似的仅涉及cL的圆形台阵微震技术,但与它们相比,我们在此给出的方法,不是在数理计算上繁冗更少,就是在数学上更为简单。