Effects of deposit feeder Stichopus japonicus on algal bloom and organic matter contents of bottom sediments of the enclosed sea

Algae growing in an enclosed sea may inhibit eutrophication because they absorb nutrients in the water. However, dead algae often cause anaerobic conditions in the water just above and on sediment after they are deposited on the bottom. We found that Stichopus japonicus inhibited the anaerobic processes coupling water sulfite production in sediment. The present study investigates whether S. japonicus inhibits algal flourish and influences sediment properties such as organic matter contents. Aquarium experiments were carried out at Komatsushima port in Tokushima Prefecture, western Japan. The aquaria used in the experiments were supplied with water directly from the adjacent sea (6 L/min), laid with sand of 10 cm depths, and lighted at 12 h intervals. Six aquaria each containing a sea cucumber from Komatsushima port and six aquaria without any were used in the experiments. Water temperature ranged between 9 and 15 degrees C during December 2000 and April 2001. Salinity ranged between 32 per thousand and 34 per thousand. Algae began to cover the bottom of the aquaria without S. japonicus after 2 weeks, whereas no growth was evident in the aquaria containing sea cucumbers. Chlorophyll a concentration in the surface sediment of the aquaria with S. japonicus (6.1+/-3.6 microg/g, mean S.D.+/-standard deviation) was significantly lower than that without it (60+/-17 microg/g, U-test, p<0.05). Phaeophytin concentration in the surface sediment of the aquaria with S. japonicus (0.9+/-0.09 microg/g) was also significantly lower than that without it (4.5+/-1.0 microg/g, U-test, p<0.05). TOC concentration in the surface sediment of the aquaria with S. japonicus (2.6+/-1.3 microg/g) was slightly lower than that without it (4.0+/-1.2 microg/g). These results showed that algal biomass and organic matter concentration of the bottom were decreased in the presence of S. japonicus. Therefore, S. japonicus inhibits algal bloom and decrease the contents of organic matter deposited on the bottom of enclosed sea areas.     

天然地震学中的主要公式（二）

固体中的孔洞、沟槽、裂缝、内含物以及其他裂纹都会使其边界附近的应力增加或集中。例如,x_1—x_2平面受x_2方向上远距离负载σ~∞的作用,围绕原点的圆孔边界上的张应力是: σ_(θθ)=σ~∞(1+2cos2θ) (4.1)式中x_1轴正方向上θ=0。方程(4.1)表明在圆孔与x_1轴的交点处应力增加了3倍。在x_1—x_2平面原点周围,主轴为α、     

OHP数据中心

海洋半球计划(OHP)台网是一个覆盖以前观测密度低的西太平洋区域的地球物理观测台网。该台网是集地震、GPS、地磁和超导重力观测于一体的台网。联合使用该台网与以前所建台网的资料，我们可得到全球台站更均匀分布的台站资料。为了使用户充分受益，数据交换应是首先考虑的问题。     

日本西南丰后水道的无震滑动和低频地震

对全球定位系统(GPS)数据的分析显示出，自1996～1997年类似事件之后6年的2003年8月底以来，日本西南丰后水道发生了瞬时地壳形变。考虑到许多GPS测点东南向运动以及1996～1997年事件与2003年事件有类似之处，这些瞬变过程很可能是由菲律宾海板块和阿穆里板块之间板问瞬时无震滑动所引起的。估计2003年这次无震滑动发生在丰后水道下，其相对滑动在西侧随时间增加，矩震级(Mw)达到7．0。与开始和结束都与2003年事件一致的低频地震逐渐平息不同，2003年瞬时地壳形变以大致为常数的速率进行，一直到2003年11月底。丰后水道区可能通过无震滑动释放了来自菲律宾海板块消减而聚积的能量。     

期待很久的2004年9月28日M6．0级帕克菲尔德地震的震磁效应

1976年以来，在加利福尼亚帕克菲尔德地区沿圣安德烈斯断层上长约60km的闭锁-蠕动过渡带，布设了由7个采样同步的质子磁力仪构成的差动连接的台阵，对该地区的局部磁场进行了准确的测量。2004年9月28日的M6．0级帕克菲尔德地震的震中恰好位于这个台阵之内，此次地震在其中的5个台站的观测中产生了0．2nT～0．5nT的同震磁场变化。但是从地震发生前1个月、前1周及前数天的地磁观测数据中，都检测不到明显高于背景噪声水平的震前磁场变化（由于没有可检测出的形变、地震活动或孔隙压力变化数据，理论上也应观测不到震前磁场变化）。在地震破裂末端附近的一个台站也记录了0．01Hz-20Hz频带内的电场和磁场数据，借助于沿断层的北西延长线上距该台站约115km的另一个台站的观测数据，对来自电离层和磁层的同模式噪声进行了校正。校正后的数据中既没有发现1989年ML7．1级洛马普列塔地震前可能存在ULF频带（0．01Hz-20Hz）的异常磁噪声，也没有发现相同震级的希腊地震震前产生的电场变化。基于应变、位移和地震数据反演得到的地震一致滑动和可变滑动压磁模型，能够计算出与磁力仪台阵观测到的结果相符的磁场扰动。1993年以来，该区域内长期存在着与荷载增加一致的较高磁场变化，与之相伴的是由一个两色EDM台网和另一个较小的钻孔应变仪台网观测到的剪应变率的长期增长及表现在1992、1993和1994年各发生了一次M4．5～5．0级地震的地震活动性的增强。集成了所有这些数据建立的模型揭示了该区域在深度剖面上有增大的滑动，这也许对2004年9月28日M6．0级帕克菲尔德地震的最后发生起到了重要的作用。本次地震以及其他发生于圣安德烈斯断层系内其他地方的M5～7．3级地震的震前电场和磁场前兆的缺乏，表明了仅利用现有的这些电磁数据来对破坏性地震做出有意义的预测看来并不可能。     

Alkylbenzenes in mussels from South and South East Asian coasts as a molecular tool to assess sewage impact

Alkylbenzenes, molecular markers of sewage, were measured in 34 green mussels collected from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and the Philippines together with blue mussels collected from Tokyo Bay, Japan. Linear alkylbenzene (LAB) concentrations in South and South East Asian countries ranged from 10 to 1640 ng-∑LAB/g-dry tissue. In some populous cities, LAB concentrations were similar or higher than those found in northern Tokyo Bay which is heavily impacted by sewage effluents. I/E ratios (a ratio of internal to external isomers of LABs) in the South and South East Asian countries (1–3) were much lower than those in Tokyo Bay (3–8), indicating sewage discharged in the coastal zone is poorly treated (e.g., raw sewage and/or primary effluents). Alkylbenzenes with branched alkyl chains, tetrapropylene-based alkylbenzenes, were also detected in mussels from Indonesia and Philippines. This “tell-tale” sign indicates that poorly degradable detergents are still in use in this area, although they have long been phased-out in many industrialized countries.     

用装在全站仪上的数字相机进行城区测量

管理者和设计得对三维目标模型的需求日益增加,尤其是在建筑环境下,装在一台全站仪上的数字相机能够准确地获取建筑物的立面和近似立面。本文作者设计出了一个视经纬仪模型,并指出了将来需要研究的问题。     

CONCENTRATION AND FLUX OF CO2, TURBULENCE FLUXES AND RADIATION BALANCE IN THE NEAR SURFACE LAYER OVER WHEAT FIELD

The gradient of CO₂ concentration, photosynthetically active radiation(PAR). net radiation.soil heat flux, profiles of wind speed, and air temperature and humidity were measured above a wheat field during May and June 1985 at Beijing Agro-Ecosystems Experimental Station. Beijing,China. Fluxes of carbon dioxide, sensible heat, latent heat and momentum were calculated by using the aerodynamic method. The observation site. equipment, calibration techniques, the errors associated with the measurement, and the computational procedures are described. The results show that the diurnal variations of amplitude of CO₂ concentrations were 103.8 to 27. 0.86. 3 to 22.8 and 69.8 to 11.6 ppm:the average CO₂ concentrations were 331.5. 339.9 and 364.6 ppm for the photosynthesis type, and 369.6. 364.0 and 375.2 ppm for the respiration type at 1. 2 and 10 m above surface, respectively, from May 14 to June 15. In the daytime, transfer direction of the CO₂ fluxes and gradients is from air to crop canopy, and at noon(1100 to 1300 BT(Beijing Time)) the transfer rate reaches negative maximum value. At night, transfer of CO₂ fluxes and gradients is in the reversed direction and reaches positive maximum in the early morning(0400 to 0600 BT). There are strong negative correlations between CO₂ flux and the net radiation(R_n),available energy(H+LE). photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) and momentum flux(τ).     

专门用VAN方法预报希腊地震发生的概率

ＶＡ导震预报方法是以地震电信号为基础的，但是，所引起的争论好象仅仅是直接针对地震资料预报统计显著性的。为此我们将逻辑回归方法引用到地震活动性研究中来，估计了希腊地震发生的概率。我们研究的主要目的在于考察是否可以找到一种精细的地震图像，其可以用以明显地提高概率估计。就我们所考察的全部情况来说，如果把地震震级阈值从５．０降到４．３，则可发现概率高达０．７５，其可以与Ｈａｍａｄａ（１９９３）所估计的ＶＡ     

用机载多普勒雷达资料进行三维风场解析反演 I. 多重解析多普勒方法在机载雷达情况下的推广及模拟验证

多重解析多普勒（MANDOP）方法是用解析表达式进行三维风场反演。它成功地应用于处理地基多普勒雷达资料，获取对流系统层状降水区域的风场结构。本文将MANDOP方法在机载雷达情况下的进行推广并通过模拟研究径向速度测量中信号噪声、雨滴降落速度估计误差、平流速度估计误差、尤其是由于机载特性的引入产生的雷达束定位误差等对方法的影响。模拟结果显示，在机载雷达的技术参数下，MANDOP方法能够提供误差可以接受的三维风场反演。这为利用MANDOP方法处理在CaPE实验中获取的历史上第一次机载双束多普勒雷达资料建立了可靠的基础。