Intracrystalline fractionation of Fe in synthetic (Fe, Mg, Zn) - bearing staurolite: a Mössbauer spectroscopic study

⁵⁷Fe-Mössbauer spectra of eleven Fe-Mg-bearing staurolite samples, synthesized at 5, 20 and 25 kbar and 680°C, ranging in composition from x_Fe?=1.00 to x_Fe?=0.15, and of two Zn-Fe-bearing staurolite samples, synthesized at 20 kbar and 700°C with x_Fe?=0.10 and x_Fe?=0.32 were collected at room temperature. The spectra reveal that about 80% of Fe_tot (in case of Fe-Mg-bearing staurolite) and about 70% of Fe_tot (in case of Fe-Zn-bearing staurolite) are located as Fe²⁺ at the three subsites Fe1, Fe2 and Fe3 of the tetrahedral T2-site. The refinement of the spectra results in almost identical values for the isomer shift (IS) (±1.0 mm/s) but significantly different values for the quadropole splitting (QS) for the three subsites which is in accordance with the different distortions of these sites. About 8% of Fe_tot (in case of Fe-Mg-bearing staurolite) and 13% of Fe_tot (in case of Fe-Zn-bearing staurolite) are located as Fe²⁺ at the octahedral M4 site, while the remainder percents of Fe_tot indistinguishably occur as Fe²⁺ at the octahedral M1 and M2 sites of the kyanite-like part of the structure. Within the whole Fe-Mg-staurolite solid solution series the Mössbauer parameters QS of the sites M4 and (M1, M2) vary systematically with composition whereas IS remains constant. There is a high negative correlation of the total Mg-content with Fe-occupation of all the Fe-bearing sites indicating a continuous substitution of Fe²⁺ by Mg on all these sites. Synthetic Fe-staurolites show no increasing occupation of the octahedral sites by two-valent cations with pressure, as was assumed by several authors.     

Analysis Of The Disappearing Filament And Flare Of 7 May 1992

By using Yohkoh soft X-ray data, H filtergrams, and radio data, the activation of the disappearing filament and the flare eruption on 7 May 1992 have been studied. Main conclusions are as follows: (1) the emergence of new magnetic flux tends to affect the pre-existing X-ray loops, which usually appear in arcades spanning H filament, changing the magnetic environment of the filament, and then enhance the current in the filament. Therefore newly emerging flux plays a fundamental role in the destabilization of this filament. (2) According to the H data and the rising motion of the filament, the corresponding current variation in the filament has been calculated. It seems that the current interruption may be a possible trigger mechanism for this filament disappearance. (3) The magnetic field strength and the energy flux of energetic electrons in the source region of microwave bursts have been estimated by using the microwave spectrum. During the main phase, the mean magnetic strength and the energy flux of energetic electrons are about 300–400 G and 1×1011 erg cm–2 s –1, respectively. (4) The energy provided by reconnection of the current sheet and the total energy of the current filament are estimated and we show that there is enough energy stored in the filament to feed the 7 May, 1992 flare.     

Neue Ergebnisse ans der Grenzregion zwischen der Flyschzone und den nördlichen Kalkalpen

Zusammenfassung Es wurden in großen Zügen Schichtfolge, paläogeographische Entwicklung und Tektonik im österreichischen Verbreitungsgebiet einer schmalen, größtenteils stark verschuppten Zone beschrieben, die sich zwischen der Flyschzone und den nördlichen Kalkalpen erstreckt. Sie wurde bisher für die westliche Fortsetzung der karpatischen pieninischen Klippenzone gehalten. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß letztere etwa im Lainzer Tiergarten bei Wien ihr westliches Ende findet, die Grestener Schuppenzone, wie erstere bezeichnet werden soll, dagegen eine nördlichere Einheit darstellt, die mit der inneren oder Waagtaler Klippenregion der Karpaten identisch ist.Im Wiener Wald ist sie noch ziemlich breit, einfach gebaut und auch in fazieller Hinsicht dem Flysch sehr ähnlich. In dem Maße aber, in dem sie gegen Westen immer mehr von den Kalkalpen überschoben und damit schmäler wird, kompliziert sich auch ihr Bau. Aus Oberbayern, Allgäu und Westschweiz ist sie schließlich nur noch in Form vereinzelter Schubfetzen (Aroser Schuppenzone) bekannt.Bezeichnend sind Schuppen, die an ihrer Basis aus — bisher irreführenderweise Klippen genannten — jurassisch-neokomen Sandsteinen, Kalken, Mergeln usw., im Hangenden dagegen aus kretazisch-eozänen Hüllschichten in Flyschfazies bestehen.Bis zur Unterkreide lag der Sedimentationsraum dieser Zone am Nordrand der kalkalpinen Geosynklinale. Als sich darauf das Flyschbecken einsenkte, geriet er im Westen in den Schwellenbereich am Südrand dieses Beckens. Im Osten, d. h. im Wiener Wald und in den Westkarpaten, fehlen dagegen die trennenden Schwellen, so daß das Flyschmeer dort viel weiter nach Süden reichte.Die Grestener Schuppenzone nimmt also in paläogeographischer und tektonischer Hinsicht eine zwischen Flyschzone und nördlichen Kalkalpen vermittelnde Stellung ein.     

Contribution of the demographic factor to the migration turnarounds in Japan,Sweden and Canada

"It is well known that similar changes of migration pattern occurred during recent decades in most developed countries; core regions recorded a greatly decreased net in-migration in the 1970s, but increased net in-migration in the 1980s. Based on shift-share analysis of the migration data of Japan, Sweden and Canada, this paper reveals that changing cohort size, especially related to the fertility fluctuation of baby boom and bust, has played an important role in the turnarounds. Furthermore, it is elucidated from a series of correlation analyses that this demographic factor was closely linked with labour-market restructuring in terms of industrial/occupational employment changes."     

Reporting negative results to stimulate experimental hydrology: discussion of “The role of experimental work in hydrological sciences – insights from a community survey”*

ABSTRACT

Experimental work in hydrology is in decline. Based on a community survey, Blume et al. showed that the hydrological community associates experimental work with greater risks. One of the main issues with experimental work is the higher chance of negative results (defined here as when the expected or wanted result was not observed despite careful experimental design, planning and execution), resulting in a longer and more difficult publishing process. Reporting on negative results would avoid putting time and resources into repeating experiments that lead to negative results, and give experimental hydrologists the scientific recognition they deserve. With this commentary, we propose four potential solutions to encourage reporting on negative results, which might contribute to a stimulation of experimental hydrology.     

Authors' Reply

Abstract— Reimold et al. question our interpreted impact origin of the Fohn structure, Timor Sea, and criticise methodological aspects of the seismic reflection survey of Fohn structure and chemical analytical techniques. Our impact interpretation resulted from (1) remarkable analogies between the seismic structures of massive core‐annular trough structure of volcanic diatremes, and the syncline‐ringed central uplift of impact structures; (2) occurrence of Cretaceous microfossils in the drill chips, which suggested deep excavation; (3) lack of seismic evidence for volcanic feeders or conduits, and (4) the ultramafic chemistry of drill chips (Ni < 428 ppm; Co < 51 ppm; Cr < 518 ppm). Here we indicate that, since publication of our paper, we have uncovered in Fohn‐1 drill cuttings rare apatite‐rich lamproite mineral assemblages consisting of pseudomorphs of analcite after leucite, nontronite‐altered olivine, diopside, alkali pyroxene, Ti‐phlogopite, apatite, Mg‐ilmenite, priderite, rutile, and secondary barite. The new data explain the high gamma ray log anomalies in Fohn‐1 well and shed new light on the origin of the Fohn structure. Our error serves to clarify criteria for distinguishing between buried diatremes and impact structures.     

On the height scale of magnetic fields above sunspots derived from RATAN-600 observations

Model calculations of the S-component are compared with observations of the RATAN-600 telescope at five discrete microwave frequencies referring to active region McMath No. 15974 on May 1, 1979. The spectral variations of source diameter, flux density, and degree of polarization are used to derive the height scale of the magnetic field in accordance with a magnetic dipole distribution under the assumption of advanced temperature and electron density distributions according to most recent EUV observations.     

North-south asymmetries in the green corona brightness between 1947 and 1976

The north-south asymmetry has been studied using the green emission corona brightness in the period of 1947–1976. (N - S)/(N + S) values are constructed with the 5-deg opposite coronal belts brightnesses between ± 5 and ± 60 deg. Power spectra analyses were performed to study periodicities of these (N - S)/(N + S) values. Two noticeable periodicities (14.5 and 5 yr) have been found.     

Neuordnung der Schriftleitung

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

On the interpretation of some peculiarities observed in zeeman-split line contours in sunspots

Measurements of the H line intensity in a large active prominence indicate that , the fraction of length in the line of sight which contains emitting material, is less or equal to 0.1.