基于倾斜摄影地表模型的三维地质填图软件关键技术与应用前景

讨论了基于倾斜摄影测量所构建的三维地表模型进行三维地质填图与三维地质建模软件的设计理念、开发环境、软件架构、关键技术、实现现状与应用前景。倾斜摄影影像经处理建模后构建的三维地表模型通常以OSGB格式保存,因此基于倾斜摄影成果的三维地质填图软件最好基于能直接读取、显示OSGB格式数据的OSG开源库,推荐VS2015+QT+OSG开发环境。该类软件的关键技术包括以Proj4为核心的坐标转换系统、地层界线的拾取与半自动追踪技术、基于反距离衰减函数的地层界面防穿透高程调节技术、切制地质剖面并由剖面修改地层界面的二三维联动编辑与修改地层界面的技术、在露头剖面上采集地层界线构建露头地层柱状图的技术。该软件的应用前景包括野外区域地质调查、煤田和油田等行业的野外地质填图,以及滑坡和泥石流崩塌等地质灾害危险区域的圈定。     

遥感信息科学的进展和展望

本文首先阐述了遥感信息科学的理论基础，研究对象和内容，指出遥感信息科学的发展，为地学提供了全新的研究手段，导致了地学研究范围、内容和方法和重要变化，标志着地学信息获取和分析处理方法的一场革命及一门新兴科的兴起。     

造山带与相邻盆地间物质的横向迁移

本文以太行山隆起与相邻华北断陷盆地为例，论述了在大陆岩石圈中造山带与相邻断陷盆地在地球动力学机制上是相辅相成的对立统一体系。当软流圈受力产生波状起伏变形时，在软流圈和上地幔隆起上方，地壳发生减薄并裂陷；软流圈和上地幔拗陷上方，地壳变厚，由脉隆升。造山带遭受物理（化学）风化作用的产物被搬运至相邻断陷盆地，并以逆冲推覆岩片、拆离滑脱构造体系向盆地扩展。断陷盆地的中下地壳物质，则在地幔上隆形成的地幔位势差、密度差和盆地扩张力的共同驱动下，沿向造山带缓倾的拆离滑脱变形带，向山根蠕动流动，以补充因地幔拗陷和山脉隆升造成的重力亏损，从而达到岩石圈四维空间物质的动态调整。     

Juxtaposition of adakite, boninite, high-TiO2 and low-TiO2 basalts in the Devonian southern Altay, Xinjiang, NW China

We present petrographic and geochemical data on representative samples of the Devonian adakite, boninite, low-TiO₂ and high-TiO₂ basalts and associated rocks in the southern Altay areas, Xinjiang, NW China. These volcanic rocks mostly occur as tectonic blocks within suture zones between the Siberian and Junggar plates. Adakite occurs in the Suoerkuduke area ca. 40 km south of Fuyun, and actually represents a poorly-sorted massive volcaniclastic deposit, mostly consisting of a suite of hornblende andesite to pyroxene andesite. The geochemical features of the adakite suggest its generation by melting of subducted oceanic crust. Boninite occurs in the Saerbulake area ca. 20 km southwest of Fuyun, as pillowed lava or pillowed breccia. It is associated with high-TiO₂ basalt/gabbro and low-TiO₂ basalt. The boninites are metamorphosed, but contain relict clinopyroxene with Mg# (=100*Mg/(Mg+Fe)) of 90–92, and Cr₂O₃ contents of 0.5–0.7 wt% and chromian spinel with Cr/(Cr+Al) ratio of 0.84. The bulk rock compositions of the boninites are characterized by low and U-shaped REE with variable La/Yb ratios. They are classified as high-Ca boninite. The Cr-rich cpx phenocryst and Chromian spinel suggests that the boninites were formed by melting of mildly refractory mantle peridotite fluxed by a slab-derived fluid component under normal mantle potential temperature conditions. Basaltic rocks occur as massive flows, pillowed lavas, tuff breccia, lapilli tuff and blocks in tectonic mélanges. Together with gabbros, the basaltic rocks are classified into high-TiO₂ (>1.7 wt%) and low-TiO₂ (<1.5 wt%) types. They show variable trace element compositions, from MORB-type through transitional back-arc basin basalt to arc tholeiite, or within plate alkalic basalt. A notable feature of the Devonian formations in the southern Altay is the juxtaposition of volcanic rocks of various origins even within a limited area; i.e. the adakite and the boninites are associated with high-TiO₂ and low-TiO₂ basalts and/or gabbros, respectively. This is most likely produced by complex accretion and tectonic processes during the convergence in the Devonian–Carboniferous paleo-Asian Ocean between the Siberian and Junggar plates.     

Climate fluctuation on a kiloyear scale during the Late Last Glacial in Mu Us Desert,China: evidence from Rb and Sr contents and ratios

The MGS2 segment of the Milanggouwan stratigraphical section in China’s Salawusu River Valley records 5.5 sedimentary cycles consisting of dune sands alternating with fluviolacustrine facies or/and palaeosols. The high Rb and Sr contents and low Rb/Sr ratios in the fluviolacustrine facies indicate the presence of a warm and humid climate, and vice versa for a dry and cold climate. Rb and Sr appeared to have 5.5 element cycles that are consistent with the sedimentation changes, and each cycle lasts about 2 ka on average. This study suggests that the observed cycles mainly resulted from variations in the strength of the East Asian winter and summer monsoons, and the MGS2 segment experienced six cold-dry winter monsoons and five warm-humid summer monsoons during the OIS2. In addition, the millennial-scale monsoonal climate fluctuations revealed by the element cycles corresponded well with the Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles recorded in the Greenland ice cores and Heinrich events in the North Atlantic marine sediments. Therefore, the monsoonal climate fluctuations revealed by the Rb and Sr in the MGS2 segment were likely triggered by global climate change.     

Characteristics of mantle branch structure in western Shandong and its roles in minerogenesis and ore-controlling

1 The rise of the problem The region of western Shandong has been attracting more and more attention of geologists because of its unique geological features and abundant mineral resources, and it has been well geologically documented (Lin Jingqian et al.…     

针对致密砂岩气储层复杂孔隙结构的岩石物理模型及其应用

针对致密砂岩气储层复杂的微观孔隙结构进行岩石物理建模,在模型中比较了单一孔隙纵横比、双孔隙模型两种表征孔隙结构的表征方式。岩石物理正演分析表明,两种孔隙结构模型均可解释致密砂岩复杂的速度-孔隙度关系。岩石物理反演结果表明,双孔隙模型对测井横波速度的预测精度更高,说明该模型更适用于表征研究区致密砂岩的孔隙结构,反演的软孔比例参数能够反映地层中孔隙结构的非均匀分布。应用双孔隙模型计算致密砂岩地层岩石骨架的弹性模量,与Krief及Pride等传统经验公式相比,该方法考虑了岩石骨架模量与矿物基质、孔隙度和孔隙结构等微观物性因素的关系,理论上更具有严谨性。对致密砂岩骨架模量计算结果的分析表明,少量微裂隙的存在即能够显著影响致密砂岩骨架的弹性性质,同时孔隙空间中的球形孔隙是致密气的主要赋存空间。并且,通过致密砂岩骨架弹性模量,进一步计算了可用于地层评价的Biot系数等岩石物理参数。致密砂岩骨架模量的预测结果可为Gassmann流体替换理论、BISQ孔隙弹性介质理论等岩石物理方法提供关键参数。     

Characteristics of total suspended particulates in the atmosphere of Yulong Snow Mountain,southwestern China

The measurement of black carbon(BC) and organic carbon(OC), dust in total suspended particulates(TSP) was carried out at Yulong Snow Mountain(Mt. Yulong) and Ganhaizi Basin, in the Mt. Yulong region, southwestern China. TSP samples were analyzed using a thermal/optical reflectance carbon analyzer. Results show that average BC and OC concentrations in TSP in the Mt. Yulong region were 1.61±1.15 μg/m3 and 2.96±1.59 μg/m3, respectively. Statistical results demonstrated that there were significant differences in mean BC and OC contents between Ganhaizi Basin and Mt. Yulong at the 0.05 level. Strong correlations between BC and OC indicate their common dominant emission sources and transport processes. Temporal variations of BC, OC, and optical attenuation(ATN) values were consistent with each other in carbonaceous aerosols. The ratios of OC/BC in monsoon season were significantly higher than in non-monsoon in aerosols from Ganhaizi, which is closely related to the formation of secondary organic carbon(SOC) and extensive motor vehicle emissions from tourism activities. The temporal variations of BC, OC and ATN in carbonaceous aerosols in Ganhaizi and Mt. Yulong were totally different, probably due to elevation difference and diverse tourism activity intensity between the two sites. Time-averaged aerosol optical depth(AOD) at the wavelength of 550 nm in Mt. Yulong was higher than that of the inland of the Tibetan Plateau(TP). Source apportionment indicated that intensive exhaust emissions from tourism vehicles were the main local sources of atmospheric pollutant in the Mt. Yulong region. Biomass-burning emissions released from South Asia could penetrate into the inland of the TP under the transport of summer monsoon. Further study is needed to assess light absorption and radiative forcing of carbonaceous aerosols, and modeling research in combination with long-term in-situ observations of light-absorbing particulates(LAPs) in the TP is also urgently needed in future work.     

沙地玉米水分利用效率日变化特征

以科尔沁沙地玉米农田生态系统为研究对象,利用涡度相关技术和便携式光合作用测定系统（LI-COR6400）同步观测玉米（郑单958）主要生育期（苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期）群体和叶片尺度瞬时CO₂交换及水汽交换速率,并分析其水分利用效率的日变化特征。结果表明：各生育期玉米群体尺度瞬时CO₂交换速率分别为-2.205、-26.113、-26.118、-8.201、-3.672 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1,叶片尺度光合速率分别为27.57、59.55、24.38、22.03、20.09 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1。各生育期群体水分利用效率（WUE_C）的日动态呈现“L”型,峰值出现在日出后（约06：00）,分别为0.025、0.039、0.088、0.058、0.191 gCO₂·g^-1H₂O,叶片尺度瞬时水分利用效率（WUE_L）的日动态呈“~”型,峰值出现在06：00—10：00,分别为0.029、0.041、0.017、0.019、0.024 gCO₂·g^-1H₂O。玉米各生育期群体及叶片尺度瞬时CO₂交换速率和水分利用效率均存在明显差异。     

红水河流域输沙量变化及其影响因素

红水河是珠江流域的主要泥沙来源,为了确定1955-2016年红水河流域输沙量变化特征及其影响因素,论文尝试采用有序聚类分析确定了流域输沙量变化的3个时期,并利用泥沙归因诊断分析计算了含沙量、径流系数和降雨因子在不同时期对输沙量变化的贡献程度,在此基础上进一步对影响输沙量变化的主要因素进行了分析。研究表明:1955-2016年间红水河流域输沙量存在1963和1991年2个突变点,在突变点前后输沙量存在明显变化,且这一变化主要受含沙量因子控制,人类活动是造成流域输沙量变化的根本原因。其中在1955-1991年间,红水河输沙量的上升主要由毁林开荒引起的流域水土流失面积增加所导致;而在1964-2016年间,水库修建使红水河流域输沙量减少了83.49%,而同时期植被覆盖度的增长贡献了输沙量减少的12.03%。将Wa TEM/SEDEM模型模拟结果与实测结果进行对比,同样发现1964-2016年输沙量变化的绝大部分(81.03%)由修建水库所贡献,而土地利用变化对输沙量减少的贡献相对较小(18.97%)。