致密砂岩储集层成岩相的测井识别与评价:以冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷古近系沙河街组三段为例*

充分利用岩心、薄片和钻测井等资料,对冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷沙河街组三段致密砂岩储集层的成岩作用、成岩相特征进行了研究。结果表明,沙三段砂岩储集层经历了压实、胶结、溶蚀和破裂等成岩作用,现今正处于中成岩A期。根据成岩作用类型和强度、成岩矿物等将储集层成岩相划分为压实致密、黏土矿物充填、碳酸盐胶结、不稳定组分溶蚀和中等压实弱胶结5种成岩相类型。选取声波时差、自然伽马和电阻率等测井曲线,通过岩心、薄片资料刻度测井曲线,归纳了不同成岩相的测井响应特征,由此建立了各成岩相的测井识别标准,实现了单井纵向上成岩相的识别与划分,探讨了单井纵向上成岩相分布规律。成岩相识别结果与试油结论以及物性分析匹配良好。成岩相的深入分析是致密砂岩储集层甜点预测的重要方法。     

恒定主应力轴偏转循环荷载下饱和软黏土累积孔压特性分析

现有的饱和软黏土循环荷载累积孔压显式模型未能反映路基土体单元在土体自重作用下主应力轴的偏转现象。在确定饱和软黏土固结时间的基础上,在固结压力分别为100、150、200 kPa下,对软黏土进行主应力轴偏转角为15°、30°、45°的不排水循环加载试验,得到了固结围压、主应力轴旋转角及动应力比对循环累积孔压影响的规律。基于第一次循环加载累积孔压变化规律和修正动偏应力水平,建立了能考虑恒定主应力轴偏转角循环加载下累积孔压显式模型,并利用恒定主应力轴偏转角循环加载试验结果验证了模型的合理性。建立的循环荷载下饱和软黏土累积孔压显式模型参数易于确定,参数具有明确的物理意义且能考虑主应力轴的恒定偏转现象。     

Thermodynamic effects on particle movement: Wind tunnel simulation results

Sand/dust storms are some of the main hazards in arid and semi-arid zones. These storms also influence global environmental changes. By field observations, empirical statistics, and numerical simulations, pioneer researchers on these natural events have concluded the existence of a positive relationship between thermodynamic effects and sand/dust storms. Thermodynamic effects induce an unsteady stratified atmosphere to influence the process of these storms. However, studies on the relationship of thermodynamic effects with particles (i.e., sand and dust) are limited. In this article, wind tunnel with heating was used to simulate the quantitative relationship between thermodynamic effects and particle movement on different surfaces. Compared with the cold state, the threshold wind velocity of particles is found to be significantly decrease under the hot state. The largest decrease percentage exceedes 9% on fine and coarse sand surfaces. The wind velocity also has a three-power function in the sand transport rate under the hot state with increased sand transport. Thermodynamic effects are stronger on loose surfaces and fine particles, but weaker on compacted surfaces and coarse particles.     

Role of living environments in the accumulation characteristics of heavy metals in fishes and crabs in the Yangtze River Estuary, China

Correlation of heavy metals in the tissues of typical organisms (i.e., fishes and crabs) and those in their living environments (i.e., surface water, bottom water, and sediment) in Yangtze River Estuary has been qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Metal levels followed the trend: sediments > Eriocheir sinensis > Eriocheir leptognathus > benthic fish > pelagic fish > bottom water > surface water. Tissues in fishes and crabs of different species and sizes had diverse metal bioaccumulation characteristics, which was significantly affected by environment factors and their living habits. Metal levels in legs of crabs, and heads and skins of fishes showed significant correlations with those in their living environments. Collichthys lucidus is an effective bioindicator for assessing metal levels in water. No significant health risk was identified by the estimated daily intake and target hazard quotients analyses.     

三维地震勘探在城市活断层精确定位中的意义

回顾了城市活断层探测现状,指出了采用二维地震探测在活断层精确定位中存在中浅层小构造控制程度较差,在地层倾角较大地区断层归位不够准确,受建筑物和其它障碍物限制致使测线布设与断层走向斜交造成断层定位不准,以及由于测网密度限制造成的断层交汇处、断层分段点、端点位置控制程度较差等主要问题．从理论上分析了三维地震勘探的优势,认为三维地震勘探可以较好地解决由于二维地震勘探本身的技术缺陷和地表环境、地质条件影响所造成的断层定位不准的问题．通过实例剖析,从野外采集难点, 仪器选择, 观测系统定义, 优化施工设计, 野外质量监控, 特殊数据处理手段, 以及取得的良好地质效果等方面进行详细阐述,论证了利用三维地震探测在城市进行活断层精确定位中的可行性及其意义．      

Geometric Integration of Aerial and High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and Application in Shoreline Mapping

This paper investigates the geopositioning accuracy achievable from integrating IKONOS and QuickBird satellite stereo image pairs with aerial images acquired over a region at Tampa Bay, Florida. The results showed that the accuracy is related to a few factors of imaging geometry. For example, the geopositioning accuracy of a stereo pair of IKONOS or QuickBird images can be improved by integrating a set of aerial images, even just a single aerial image or a stereo pair of aerial images. Shorelines derived from the IKONOS and QuickBird stereo images, particularly the vertical positions, are compared with the corresponding observations of water-penetrating LiDAR and water gauge stations and proved that differences are within the limit of the geopositioning uncertainty of the satellite images.     

圣安德烈斯断层帕克菲尔德段断层强度变化的远程触发

断层强度是孕震带的一个基本性质,它随时间的变化特性可以增加或减小断层破坏的可能性并最终触发地震。虽然断层强度变化可以用来解释诸如地震活动的远程触发（Hilland Prejean,2007）等多种现象,但至今还没有切实的方法对这个重要性质进行现场监测。文中我们认为,通过对圣安德烈斯断层帕克菲尔德地区近20年（1987～2008）的观测,揭示了一种监测断层强度的方法。     

不规则载荷影响地表近场垂向位移和倾斜观测的定量计算﹡

基于均匀的、各向同性的半无限弹性体的点状载荷模型引起周边垂向位移场变化的解析解,本文推导了水平倾斜场的解析解计算方法,给出了二维、三维不规则形状载荷对地面或地下某点的垂直位移和水平倾斜的解析解计算方法。并对比分析了质点简化模型和不规则模型的差异性。最后给出了据不规则形状载荷模型得到的近场垂直位移以及水平倾斜场的展布特征。研究结果表明,相对质点简化模型,不规则载荷模型对近场的刻画具有一定优势;二维不规则形状载荷模型的建立可将载荷散点化后将矢量叠加进行计算;三维不规则形状载荷模型在载荷散点化后,通过赋予散点的不同权重进行载荷重新分配,然后用矢量计算法获取位移场的变化;在二维和三维不规则载荷散点化后的矢量叠加过程中都存在着较明显的收敛过程,表明该计算方法的正确性和可行性。     

Stability analyses and numerical simulations of the single degree of freedom spring-slider system obeying the revised rate- and state-dependent friction law

The linear and nonlinear stabilities of the single degree of freedom spring-slider system which accords to the revised rate- and state-dependent friction law (RSF) (Nagata et al. J Geophys Res 117 (B2):B2314, 2012) are analyzed. The revised ageing law obtained by Nagata et al. (J Geophys Res 117 (B2):B2314, 2012) incorporates the effects of changes in shear stress. Numerical simulations on the cyclic stick–slip motions of the system are developed and compared with the results of the systems according to the original ageing law or the slip law. From the insight of the stability analyses and numerical simulations, it is found that the revised ageing law integrates the “healing effect” feature of the original ageing law and the dynamic slip features of the slip law. In the stick–slip cycles, the velocity decreases with non-constant states during the dynamic overshoot for the revised ageing law, which is different from both the original ageing law and the slip law. Although the revised ageing law concluded from the low velocity friction experiments cannot account for the earthquake-like high velocity friction experiments, it can be used in earthquake nucleation with low velocity. The stability analyses and the results of numerical simulations are helpful to understanding the implications of the revised ageing law.     

祁连山大野口流域森林空间结构及水源涵养功能

林分空间结构及其水源涵养功能关系一直是森林生态水文学研究的热点.我们在祁连山大野口流域选取林分空间结构、林冠截留和河川径流等监测样地,采用特征参数统计分析、多度分析和相关系数分析等方法,研究了林分空间结构因子及其水源涵养功能之间的关系.结果表明:(1)祁连山大野口流域49块样地的2 819株青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)的胸径、树高、冠长、冠幅、冠幅面积的分布曲线比正态分布平缓,树龄、胸径断面的分布曲线比正态分布剧烈;径级从1～5 cm到26～30 cm、高度级从2～4 m到18～20 m、冠长级从2～4 m到12～14 m、冠幅级从2～4 m到4～6 m,其多度分别为89.4%、94.4%、77.8%和82.7%.(2)林冠截留年总量和平均截留率分别为139.1 mm和35.28％;(3)从相关系数分析来看,海拔对树高影响较大,对冠长影响较小,与其他因子不相关;坡向对冠幅影响最大,对冠长、树高影响较小;坡度对这些因子几乎没有影响.径级与多度、冠长与多度均符合三次多项式关系;胸径与树高、冠长、冠幅、树龄符合线性多元回归函数;雨量级与林冠截留率呈反比.本文可为流域林分空间结构特征与水源涵养功能之间的机理研究提供基础数据和参考资料.