GPS RTK在航测成图高程测量中的探讨与研究

本文探讨了GPS RTK定位技术在大面积1：1000航测成图高程测量方案中的实施，对布网方案进行了研究与探讨，并对GPS RTK用于高程测量的精度进行了分析，对其应用前景作出评价。     

Tele-seismic coseismic well temperature changes and their interpretation

Coseismic water level oscillation and correlated deep water temperature changes have been observed in a water well at Tangshan City by high sensitivity measurement. Amount of water temperature changes depend on ampli-tude of water level oscillation. Coseismic water temperatures always decrease as water level oscillates, drop of temperature ranges from 0.001 °C to 0.01 °C corresponding to amplitude of water level oscillation from several centimeters to about one meter. Temperatures usually recover one to several hours after the oscillation. We suggest that the temperature drop is produced by dispersive transfer of heat as the water oscillates, and follow-up thermal conduction makes temperature recovery. Our finite element calculations support quantitatively the idea. High ac-curacy measurements of water temperature at different depths in the future may test our interpretation.     

Optical dating of Holocene sand dune activities in the Horqin sand-fields in inner Mongolia, China, using the SAR protocol

The Horqin sand-field in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China, had been the fertile grassland in North China, but desertification and sand-dust storm have increasingly occurred in the past decades [Zhu and Wang, 1992. Theory and practice of sandy desertification in China (in Chinese with English abstract). Quaternary Sciences 2, 97]. To understand the Holocene sand dune activities in this region, five sand dune profiles were investigated, and 32 coarse grain quartz samples were dated by OSL using the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol [Murray and Wintle, 2000. Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol. Radiation Measurements 32, 57–73]. For cross-checking, six organic-rich samples from the paleosols and sandy peat/mud were dated by both ¹⁴C and quartz OSL. With one exception, ¹⁴C and quartz OSL dating results show good agreements. Based on the consistent results of five sand dune profiles, a chronology of Holocene dune activity in Horqin sand-field is established as follows: (i) active sand dunes built up widely before 10 ka; (ii) dunes semi-stabilized between 10 and 7.5 ka ago; (iii) the dunes solidify and chernozem soils developed between 7.5 and 2.0 ka ago; and (iv) partially re-mobilization of dunes occurred since about 2.0 ka ago.     

用HV谱比法推测银川市区沉积层基底分布特征

在缺乏其他资料的情况下,地脉动常常用做确定地震动对地表介质产生影响效应的简便手段。本文以银川市区为研究对象,根据地震勘探资料有目的的选取5条测线在银川市区进行地脉动观测,观测点共141个。用Nakamura提出的HV谱比法解析观测数据,在给定地下构造剪切波速度(VS)的基础上,由H/V比值曲线中的基本频率推测盆地深层地下构造。通过理论计算进一步验证了解析结果。结合前人地震勘探资料推测了银川市区脉动基本频率分布特征,并给出2D和3D银川市基底构造变化情况,对比分析表明,HV谱比法得到的脉动基本频率值可以反映银川盆地基底变化情况。     

Seismic demands on secondary systems in base‐isolated nuclear power plants

Numerical models of a sample nuclear power plant (NPP) reactor building, both conventionally constructed and equipped with seismic protective systems, are analysed for both safe shutdown and beyond‐design‐basis earthquake shaking at two coastal sites in the United States. Seismic demands on secondary systems are established for the conventional and seismically isolated NPPs. The reductions in secondary‐system acceleration and deformation demands afforded by the isolation systems are identified. Performance spaces are introduced as an alternate method for evaluating demands on secondary systems. The results show that isolation systems greatly reduce both the median and dispersion of seismic demands on secondary systems in NPPs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太阳活动对印度夏季风降水的可能影响

印度夏季风降水在南亚气候系统中是一个非常重要的内容,近年来对它的研究日益受到人们的重视.本文主要结合Scargle周期图和小波分析的方法研究了1871-2004年间该降水变化的周期性.结果表明,该降水变化非常复杂,其周期性波动具有明显的时变特征.进一步考察了印度夏季风降水与太阳活动的可能关联后,作者认为太阳活动在一定程度上影响印度的夏季风降水.     

Hurricane-induced motions and interaction with ocean currents

Hurricanes produce mixing and flow divergences (and convergences) that alter the upper-ocean heat content (OHC), which in turn affects the storm. Ocean observations under a hurricane are rare, making it difficult to validate forecast models. Past research have mainly focused on OHC-changes by vertical mixing and tacitly assumed that horizontal transports are slowly varying. Moreover, effects of coastal boundaries on ocean responses to hurricanes are generally omitted. This work uses satellite data to detect and verify forecast isopycnal motions under hurricane Wilma (Oct/16–26/2005) in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. The model is then used to show that Wilma-induced convergences in northwestern Caribbean Sea produce increased Yucatan-Channel transport into the Gulf ahead of the storm, and the Yucatan–Loop Current front diverts most of this heat around the Loop. This response is distinct from that of an ocean without the Loop, for which warming is widespread north of the channel. These intricate ocean responses can impact hurricane predictions.     

江西冰雹、大风与短时强降水的多普勒 雷达产品的对比分析

为发挥多普勒天气雷达监测和预警冰雹、雷雨大风、短时强降水等强对流天气的作用，制作出精细化的临近和短时预报，选取了江西8次典型的强对流天气过程，从7个方面对冰雹大风和短时强降水两类强对流天气的多普勒天气雷达回波特征进行对比分析。结果表明：江西省冰雹、雷雨大风过程45～55dBz强回波平均高度为12．4km，达到或超过-25℃层的高度，比短时强降水回波高5．6km。弱回波区（wER）或有界弱回波区（BwER）、三体散射长钉、持续高垂直积分液态水含量、中气旋、下湿上干或强风垂直切变特征等都是冰雹天气的典型特征。而相对平均径向速度图上“S”型暖平流及表现强低空急流的“牛眼”、深厚的湿度层等，则是短时强降水的主要特征，这些特征可为两类强对流天气短时临近预报提供预报参考。     

基于MODIS增强型植被指数的青海省牧草产量估产研究

利用青海省22个生态环境监测站在2003和2004年牧草生长季内各月所测的牧草鲜草产量数据，并搜集了该时段内逐日的MODIS遥感数据，通过对图像的预处理，云区识别，植被指数的计算及月最大植被指数的合成，形成了与牧草产量数据相对应的MODIS EVI数据。然后按牧草生长季和草地类型建立了牧草鲜草产量与MODIS植被指数的关系模型。结果表明，牧草产量和MODIS EVI之间存在较高的相关性，用指数函数建立产量模型效果较好。按牧草生长季建立的牧草产量检测模型比按草地类型建立的模型相关性要高。     

碘代异丙烷在黑碳表面的吸附研究

黑碳气溶胶由于其对大气辐射平衡和气候的影响而受到高度重视,碘化学则是大气化学中十分重要的研究领域。然而对于卤素化合物尤其含碘化合物与黑碳气溶胶表面相互作用的研究还少有报道。文中首次研究了在298K下,碘氧自由基(IO)重要源之一的碘代异丙烷(i-C3H7I)在黑碳表面的吸附,黑碳样品使用DegussaFW2(一种含有氧化态的无定形黑碳)。实验发现碘代异丙烷与黑碳表面发生相互作用,使黑碳表面逐渐被钝化,并且其吸附系数(γ)与暴露时间相关。实验测得初始吸附系数(γ0)值为(9.5±3.8)×10-2。所报道的初始吸附系数γ0可以提供一个上限值,实验结果表明在真实大气环境下,i-C3H7I在黑碳气溶胶表面的非均相消耗可能是十分重要的,也许会对i-C3H7I在真实大气中的浓度有一定影响。并且研究结果对进一步研究i-C3H7I与黑碳气溶胶相互作用对大气辐射平衡、黑碳气溶胶非均相化学作用和云雾降水凝结核(CCN)形成的影响均有十分重要的意义,研究结果也为评估i-C3H7I与碳质气溶胶非均相相互作用对大气环境的影响和深入的模式研究提供了基本参数。