Seismic Stability of a Tunnel Considering the Dynamic Geologic Parameters of Loess

In this study, Taiyuan loess is used in the analysis of the seismic stability of a loess tunnel. This analysis considers the dynamic parameters of the loess as determined via triaxial compression tests in the literature. In this analysis, the consolidation pressure is converted into the thickness of the overlying loess layer. The spring stiffness and damping coefficients of the viscoelastic boundary are obtained using the maximum dynamic elastic modulus in conjunction with different loess moisture contents and Poisson’s ratios. Additionally, the loess cohesion and internal friction angle are also obtained for different moisture contents. By (1) utilizing the dynamic finite element static shear strength reduction method and the non-convergence rule, (2) taking the safety factor as the assessment standard for loess tunnel stability, and (3) reducing the dynamic parameters of the loess mass until the model calculation is non-convergent, the effects of the moisture content, seismic intensity and loess thickness on the safety factor are obtained. A theoretical basis for the seismic response analysis of this type of loess tunnel is provided by considering the dynamic parameters of loess.     

基于短波红外技术的西藏多龙矿集区铁格隆南矿床荣那矿段及其外围蚀变填图-勘查模型构建

采用短波红外技术测量西藏多龙矿集区铁格隆南矿区地表岩石样本,发现蚀变矿物主要有绢云母和绿泥石,并在地表形成了一套从绢英岩化带-青磐岩化带的具有斑岩特点的蚀变矿物组合特征。通过测量地下ZK0804,ZK1604,ZK2404,ZK3204四个钻孔岩心的短波红外特征,发现钻孔岩心中存在大量明矾石、高岭石、地开石和绢云母,在东西向展布的过程中,绢云母数量及厚度明显增大,有继续向下延伸的趋势,说明矿体向深部逐渐从富含明矾石、地开石、高岭石的高硫、低温类型的矿物组合向绢英岩化带转变,并构成了规律的蚀变分带系统。根据地表、地下岩（矿）石的短波红外光谱特征及蚀变矿物分布趋势,构建了基于短波红外勘查技术的多龙矿集区斑岩-高硫浅成低温热液型铜（金）矿床找矿勘查模型,总结了从钾化带-绢英岩化带-泥化带-高级泥化带（明矾石-地开石-高岭石组合）-青磐岩化带的一套完整蚀变矿物组合及光谱特征。     

最新GPM遥感数据在淮河和海河流域的误差分析

为了加深对最新GPM卫星降水产品在具体流域的误差特性的了解,利用中国日降水分析产品(CPAP),选取相关系数(CC)、平均误差(ME)、探测率(POD)、错报率(FAR)以及6个极端降雨指标评估2014年4月至2016年3月期间IMERG卫星降水产品和GSMap-Gauge卫星降水产品在淮河、海河流域的误差特性及性能表现。结果表明:(1)两种卫星降水产品的总误差的空间分布完全不同,以高估为主要表现。(2)产品在百分位指标(RR99p及RR95p)和绝对阈值指标(R20及R20TOT)的表现非常好,相关系数超过0.84。对于持续时间指标(CWD及CDD),表现则均不理想,但GSMap-Gauge产品仍优于IMERG产品。(3)不论是日、月尺度下的比较,还是在探测率及错报率上,GSMap-Gauge产品性能表现总是更优。月降雨量估测结果的准确性明显高于日降雨量估测结果。     

川东南丁山地区龙马溪组页岩裂缝特征及对含气性的影响

川东南丁山地区是近年来四川盆地页岩气勘探开发的热点区域,裂缝的发育对页岩含气性及保存条件有重要的影响。综合运用野外露头、岩心、测井资料,结合岩石脆性矿物含量、岩石力学参数等数据,深入分析龙马溪组页岩裂缝发育特征和控制因素,并探讨了裂缝发育对含气性的影响。结果表明,丁山地区龙马溪组页岩裂缝主要以构造成因的剪切缝为主,裂缝优势方位共6组,主要包括4组平面剪切缝和2组剖面剪切缝,其发育主要受2个方向、3个阶段的构造应力场影响而成;裂缝延伸稳定,平均密度小,宽度小,充填程度高,主要被方解石和黄铁矿等充填。裂缝受控因素主要包括古构造应力场、构造部位、脆性矿物组分、岩石力学性质等;断层对裂缝发育具有明显的控制作用,其中断层两盘均存在裂缝发育程度急剧下降的临界范围,临界范围内裂缝发育程度高,超过此临界范围,裂缝发育程度变差且变化趋于平缓;不同期次的裂缝中,形成时间晚、规模过大、充填程度不高、与现今地应力方向一致或呈低角度相交的裂缝易造成页岩气的散失,对提高页岩含气性不利;龙马溪组岩石脆性矿物含量高,脆性指数属中等偏上程度,有利于构造缝发育且可压性较好。随着距齐岳山断裂距离的适当增加,龙马溪组页岩埋藏深度适中,地层压力增大,抗压强度增强高,脆性指数适中,构造保存条件变好,有利于不同方位的裂缝发育和页岩含气量的增加,位于该区域的DY2井与DY4井均位于该有利区域,含气性良好。研究结果对下一步深化页岩气勘探开发具有重要指导作用。     

青海共和盆地达连海晚第四纪高湖面与末次冰消期以来的环境变化

干旱区晚第四纪已有较多高湖面与湖泊演化的报道和研究,对于认识区域环境变化有重要意义,但高湖面出现的时间尚存争议,高分辨率的气候环境记录仍相对缺乏。本文通过青海共和盆地达连海湖岸地貌考察和AMS 14C 年代学研究,讨论达连海古湖晚第四纪高湖面出现的可能时间; 并通过达连海DLH99孔岩芯年代和高分辨率代用指标,讨论高原东北缘末次冰消期以来的气候环境变化。达连海周围存在6级高湖面岸线或台地,14C 测年结果显示,最低的两级湖岸堤形成于全新世,其余湖岸台地年代均老于44cal.kaB.P.,当时在达连海地区形成一个较大的古湖泊。DLH99孔显示达连海近15cal.kaB.P.沉积了40.92m的湖相沉积物,平均沉积速率高达2.7mm/a。孢粉资料揭示出,现代干旱的共和盆地在末次冰消期以来存在两个山地针叶林发育阶段,分别位于末次冰消期和全新世早中期。全新世早中期是适合山地针叶林植被发育的气候最宜期,而晚全新世山地森林植被整体衰退。粒度分析结果显示,达连海全新世低水位时期对应于岩芯中部山地森林植被发育的晚期,出现较强烈干旱事件(岩芯深13～15m段),这种湖泊水位与植被所指示的气候变化不一致现象(即低水位时期盆地内耐旱植物和山地乔木花粉同时增加),可能揭示出干旱区山地与盆地环境对区域气候不同响应。达连海存在的系列高湖面和冰消期以来的完整气候记录,为理解晚第四纪季风边缘区气候变化过程及其机制提供了条件。     

Levels, seasonal variations, and health risks assessment of ambient air pollutants in the residential areas

People living in the urban area and the surrounding suburban area have disparities in exposure and health risks due to different levels of ambient air pollutants. The main objective of this study is to investigate the concentrations, seasonal variations, and related health risks of ambient air pollutants (PM₁₀, NO₂, and SO₂) in urban and suburban areas of Ningbo, China. The results showed that the average PM₁₀, NO₂, and SO₂ concentrations in the urban area were 85.2, 49.3, and 37.4 μg/m³, which were 1.13, 1.25, and 1.41 times the values of the suburban area during the period of March 2009 to February 2010. For the potential health risk analysis, the residents have been divided into four age categories namely, infants, children (1 year), children (8–10 years), and adults. The analysis took into account age-specific breathing rates, body weights for different age categories. The results showed that the potential health risks to respiratory disease for all age categories living in urban area were higher than those in suburban area.     

Post-collisional, K-rich mafic magmatism in south Tibet: constraints on Indian slab-to-wedge transport processes and plateau uplift

Post-collisional (23–8 Ma), potassium-rich (including ultrapotassic and potassic) mafic magmatic rocks occur within the north–south-trending Xuruco lake–Dangre Yongcuo lake (XDY) rift in the Lhasa terrane of the southern Tibetan Plateau, forming an approximately 130-km-long semi-continuous magmatic belt. They include both extrusive and intrusive facies. Major and trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data are presented for all of the known exposures within the XDY rift. The potassium-rich, mafic igneous rocks are characterized by high MgO (5.9–10.8 wt.%), K₂O (4.81–10.68 wt.%), Ba (1,782–5,618 ppm) and Th (81.3–327.4 ppm) contents, and relatively high SiO₂ (52.76–58.32 wt.%) and Al₂O₃ (11.10–13.67 wt.%). Initial Sr isotopic compositions are extremely radiogenic (0.712600–0.736157), combined with low (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) _i (18.28–18.96) and (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd) _i (0.511781–0.512046). Chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns display relatively weak negative Eu anomalies. Primitive mantle-normalized incompatible trace element patterns exhibit strong enrichments in large ion lithophile elements relative to high-field-strength elements and display strongly negative Ta–Nb–Ti anomalies. The combined major and trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic characteristics of the K-rich igneous rocks suggest that the primitive magmas were produced by 1–10 % partial melting of an asthenospheric mantle source enriched by both fluids and partial melts derived from Indian passive continental margin sediments subducted into the shallow mantle as a consequence of the northward underthrusting of the Indian continental lithosphere beneath Tibet since the India–Asia collision at ~55 Ma. The best-fit model results indicate that a melt with trace element characteristics similar to those of the K-rich rocks could be generated by 8–10 % partial melting of a metasomatized mantle source in the south and 1–2 % melting in the north of the XDY rift. Trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic modeling indicate that the proportion of fluid derived from the subducted sediments, for which we use as a proxy the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence (HHCS), in the mantle source region increases from north (rear-arc) to south (front-arc), ranging from 0 to 5 %, respectively. Correspondingly, the proportion of the melt derived from the subducted HHCS in the source increases from north (2 %) to south (15 %). The increasing proportion of the fluid and melt component in the mantle source from north to south, together with a southward decreasing trend in the age of the K-rich magmatism within the XDY rift, is inferred to reflect rollback of the subducted Indian lithospheric mantle slab during the period 25–8 Ma. Slab rollback may be linked to a decreasing convergence rate between India and Asia. As a consequence of slab rollback at 25 Ma beneath the Lhasa terrane, its geodynamic setting was transformed from a convergent (55–25 Ma) to an extensional (25–8 Ma) regime. The occurrence of K-rich magmatism during the period 25–8 Ma is a consequence of the decompression melting of an enriched mantle source, which may signal the onset of extension in the southern Tibetan Plateau and provide a petrological record of the extension process.     

灰色误差理论在岩矿测试数据处理中的应用

介绍了灰色误差理论,并应用于岩矿测试数据基本处理。结果表明,在误差变化范围小的岩矿化学分析中,测量数据的累加曲线为线性关系,在元素不均匀性分布的岩矿化学分析(例如不均匀性金的测试)和岩石强度试验等分散性大的测试中,测量数据的累加曲线为曲线关系,但灰色标准偏差和传统统计学的标准偏差非常接近。该方法简单易行,具有相当的精度和较强的实用性,对测量数据少或难于寻求统计规律的测量过程尤为实用,是一种新的尝试。     

国际地球科学发展态势

从学科发展的角度综述了20世纪80年代以来地球科学研究在思维方式、研究对象的时空尺度、研究内容、研究形式、组织形式、信息交流、方法手段等方面所发生的深刻变化，指出地球科学已经进入地球系统科学时代和为人类社会经济可持续发展服务的时代。进入21世纪，地球科学研究的主要趋向、热点与重点问题是：①突出地球系统科学，关注全球变化与地球各圈层相互作用及其变化的研究，以及人类活动引发的重大环境变化研究；②突出地球演化的动力过程研究，关注地球内部深层过程与岩石圈动力学、气候系统动力学与气候预测、生态系统动力学与生态环境的保护和建设；③突出地球信息科学，关注数字地球、3S（GIS、DIS和GPS）一体化和地球科学定量化的研究趋势；④突出地球管理科学，关注减灾防灾、环境保护治理、资源合理开发利用以及碳循环、水资源、食物与纤维、能源战略等问题；⑤突出地球科学跨学科研究进展与创新，关注经济社会发展对地球科学的影响与需求，重视地球科学在自然科学内部与其他学科的交叉融合以及高新技术在地球科学中的应用。     

基于开源的煤矿地质信息集成平台研究

分析了涉及不同领域、不同历史来源和不同存储载体的矿山地质信息特点,利用开源技术对Web Service架构下地质信息集成平台进行研究,实现了异源、异构、异库的复杂地质信息的数据共享、地图显示以及图形数据处理。