低渗煤层注入/压降试井注入时间研究

为了得出低渗煤层注入/压降试井出现径向流时注入时间的大致范围,基于注入/压降试井的理论及经验,经过大量实测数据的研究和现场实地测试,提出了减小井储畸变时间、延长测试时间的可行措施,以及在煤层气参数井实行三开井制的理念。结果表明,在一定的测试时间内,对于低渗煤层注入/压降试井要出现径向流,必须在井筒安全的情况下保证注入时间(t_inj)大于 3倍的井储畸变时间(t_wb),关井时间(t_fall)大于等于2倍的注入时间。      

人员伤亡规模不同的特别重大地震灾害专业救援对比分析

根据《国家地震应急预案》相关规定,针对近些年我国发生的汶川、玉树、芦山及鲁甸等特别重大地震,均启动了地震应急Ⅰ级响应。但几次地震的伤亡人数及震害影响等都有明显的量级差别,应急救援行动中队伍派遣数量、灾情获取手段、救援装备配备等都不尽相同。本文对这4次地震开展的专业救援性措施进行了系统的总结和对比分析,更准确地了解政府应对大震巨灾时的需求,为抗震救灾指挥部救援决策提出有针对性的建议。     

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Remobilization of granitoid rocks through mafic recharge: evidence from basalt-trachyte mingling and hybridization in the Manori–Gorai area,Mumbai, Deccan Traps

Products of contrasting mingled magmas are widespread in volcanoes and intrusions. Subvolcanic trachyte intrusions hosting mafic enclaves crop out in the Manori–Gorai area of Mumbai in the Deccan Traps. The petrogenetic processes that produced these rocks are investigated here with field data, petrography, mineral chemistry, and whole rock major, trace, and Pb isotope chemistry. Local hybridization has occurred and has produced intermediate rocks such as a trachyandesitic dyke. Feldspar crystals have complex textures and an unusually wide range in chemical composition. Crystals from the trachytes cover the alkali feldspar compositional range and include plagioclase crystals with anorthite contents up to An₄₇. Crystals from the mafic enclaves are dominated by plagioclase An_72–90, but contain inclusions of orthoclase and other feldspars covering the entire compositional range sampled in the trachytes. Feldspars from the hybridized trachyandesitic dyke yield mineral compositions of An_80–86, An_47–54, Ab_94–99, Or_45–60, and Or_96–98, all sampled within individual phenocrysts. We show that these compositional features are consistent with partial melting of granitoid rocks by influx of mafic magmas, followed by magma mixing and hybridization of the partial melts with the mafic melts, which broadly explains the observed bulk rock major and trace element variations. However, heterogeneities in Pb isotopic compositions of trachytes are observed on the scale of individual outcrops, likely reflecting initial variations in the isotopic compositions of the involved source rocks. The combined data point to one or more shallow-level trachytic magma chambers disturbed by multiple injections of trachytic, porphyritic alkali basaltic, and variably hybridized magmas.     

FVCOM model estimate of the location of Air France 447

On June 1, 2009, Air France AF447 disappeared in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean en route from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Paris, France. On June 6–19, 2009, bodies and debris from the aircraft were recovered floating in the equatorial ocean. This paper describes efforts on using the global–local nested finite volume community ocean model (FVCOM) to model reversely the tracks of bodies and debris back to the time of the crash and to help searchers locate the cockpit voice and flight data recorders and learn why this tragic accident occurred. To validate the reliability and reality of FVCOM, eight surface drifters were deployed by the French Bureau d’Enquêtes et d’Analyses pour la sécurité de l’aviation civile (BEA) near the last known position in early June 2010 for a period of 3?weeks. These drifter data were used to optimize the spatial and temporal correlation scales of the adaptive sampling data assimilation method of FVCOM. Applying an optimized FVCOM system to assimilate all available drifter- and float-tracking-derived currents in May–June 2009 under three different wind conditions, we reproduced the June 2009 current fields in the area near the LKP and used these fields to reversely track bodies and debris from locations where they were found to the time when the crash occurred. Possible locations for the crashed plane were suggested based on our model results and were made available to the French investigators and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution REMUS autonomous underwater vehicle Operations Group who successfully located the aircraft debris field in April 2011 on the seafloor at a depth of 3,900?m.     

Radiative transitions of the helium atom in highly magnetized neutron star atmospheres

Recent observations of thermally emitting isolated neutron stars revealed spectral features that could be interpreted as radiative transitions of He in a magnetized neutron star atmosphere. We present Hartree–Fock calculations of the polarization-dependent photoionization cross-sections of the He atom in strong magnetic fields ranging from 10¹² to 10¹⁴ G. Convenient fitting formulae for the cross-sections are given along with the related oscillator strengths for various bound–bound transitions. The effects of finite nucleus mass on the radiative absorption cross-sections are examined using perturbation theory.     

Numerical study on basin-edge effects in the seismic response of the Gubbio valley,Central Italy

The Gubbio basin in Central Italy is a intermountain basin of extensional tectonic origin, typical of Central and Southern Apennines, characterized by moderate seismicity. The strongest recorded event within the area is a magnitude 5.7 earthquake which occurred on 29 April 1984 along the Gubbio fault, bordering the eastern side of the basin. The main objective of this study is to analyze the features of earthquake ground motion as related to basin-edge effects, by performing physics-based numerical simulations of the 1984 earthquake through a high-performance spectral element code. The simulated ground motions are found in reasonable agreement with the recorded motions when using the kinematic source model developed by Ameri et al. (Bull Seismol Soc Am 99:647–663, 2009), with a rise-time equal to 1 s and a nucleation point located in the middle of the fault. Pronounced differences were noted between records from the basin and adjacent sites at outcropping bedrock, owing to both the strong impedance contrast between soft alluvial sites and bedrock formations (lithostratigraphic amplification), as well as lateral discontinuities related to the 2D/3D geometry of the basin (generation of surface waves). Since the fault was located beneath the basin, 1D amplification effects were found to be more relevant than those associated with the generation of surface waves from the basin edge. Finally, an envelope delay spectrum was computed for the simulated ground motions, showing that surface waves are excited in the frequency band of 0.2–0.8 Hz with a significant increase of ground motion duration within the basin.     

强降雨作用下强风化泥岩降雨入渗特性试验研究

土体降雨入渗特性是实施坡面泥石流和土体滑坡发育过程研究的重要因素。研制了人工降雨土柱入渗试验装置,实施了10、20、30、40、50、60 mm/h共6种降雨强度下强风化泥岩的入渗试验,最长降雨历时105 min。试验结果表明：可将土体入渗过程可分为无压入渗、有压入渗和饱和入渗3阶段,其中土体的入渗率在无压入渗阶段和饱和入渗阶段均随降雨历时增长近似为常数,在有压入渗阶段则快速降低;通过定义降雨作用下土体入渗锋,包括初始入渗锋和终止入渗锋,分析了入渗锋所处位置随降雨强度的变化关系,初始入渗锋和终止入渗锋之间的幅值随降雨强度的增大而变宽;提出了可表征重庆地区侏罗系强风化泥岩入渗过程的土体降雨入渗公式。研究成果对于构建重庆地区降雨诱发型滑坡及坡面泥石流的预测预报模型有积极意义。     

基于相交直线的相对定向方法

提出了一种基于相交直线的相对定向方法,提取同名相交直线特征,根据相交条件方程获得相对定向元素。该方法完全不需要同名点数据,能够解决因同名点不足而无法准确定向的问题。通过航空影像、近景影像和倾斜影像的实验表明,该方法能够获得稳定的相对定向结果。采用本文提出的算法与传统的相对定向方法进行联合平差,能够进一步提高相对定向结果的精度和稳定性。