选取青藏高原36条(34个地点)由孢粉已重建的降水序列(8条)和化石孢粉谱(28条),分别采用直接提取和现代类比法获得1852个具有年代的定量降水数据,以高原4个分区为单位,建立青藏高原晚冰期以来古降水数据集。构建分区古降水空间模拟-多区面积加权的集成方法,即借助GIS分析,基于现代高原降水空间分布的地理因子模拟,集成重建晚冰期以来高原古降水序列。结果表明:16~12 ka B.P.,高原总体降水量较少,其中16 ka B.P.不到200 mm,约为现代降水量的一半,15~13 ka B.P.后降水显著增长,较前期上升70 mm;13~12 ka B.P.,又跌至220 mm,较现代低100 mm。进入全新世后,降水量迅速增长,降水在全新世早期的9.2~8.7 ka B.P.即达到最大值,高出现代70 mm,9.2~5.0 ka B.P.为全新世湿润期,平均高出现代50 mm;5 ka B.P.之后,降水波动较小,与现代基本持平。集成降水与其他高低分辨率环境记录有很好的可比性,说明集成序列有很好的代表性和一定的准确性。此外,高原降水变化区域差异明显,全新世最大降水呈现出西早东晚,西南季风(ISM)区早于东南季风(EASM)区的特点,高原西部和南部全新世早期9 ka B.P.左右即达极大值,而高原东缘迟至全新世中期的8.0~7.5 ka B.P.;降水增加最为明显的是高原西北部,最盛期降水约高出为现代的1倍,高原东部和南部现季风控制区域,只比现代高出0.2倍。 相似文献
The mechanical property of frozen saline sandy soil is complicated due to its complex components and sensitivity to salt content and confining pressure. Thus, a series of triaxial compression tests were carried out on sandy samples with different Na2SO4 contents under different confining pressures to explore the effects of particle breakage, pressure melting, shear dilation and strain softening or hardening. The test results indicate that the stress–strain curves exhibit strain softening/hardening phenomena when the confining pressures are below or above 6 MPa, respectively. A shear dilation phenomenon was observed in the loading process. With increasing confining pressure, the strength firstly increases and then decreases. By taking into consideration the changes between the grain size distributions before and after triaxial compression tests, a failure strength line incorporating the influences of both particle breakage and pressure melting is proposed. In order to describe the deformation characteristics of frozen saline sandy soil, an elastoplastic incremental constitutive model is established based on the test results. The proposed model considers the plastic compressive, plastic shear and breakage mechanisms by adopting the non-associated flow rule. The breakage mechanism can be reflected by an index related to the initial, current and ultimate grain size distributions. The hardening parameters corresponding to compressive and shear mechanisms consider the influence of particle breakage. Then the effect of particle breakage on both the stress–strain and volumetric strain curves is analyzed. The calculated results fit well with the test results, indicating that the developed constitutive model can well describe the mechanical and deformation features of frozen saline sandy soil under various stress levels and stress paths. In addition, the strain softening/hardening, contraction, high dilation and particle breakage can be well captured.
Acta Geotechnica - In cold regions, frozen soil is common and causes various forms of frost damage to engineering projects, particularly canals constructed in seasonally frozen ground. The freezing... 相似文献
Acta Geotechnica - Knowledge of particle shape and configuration-dependent thermal conductivity is necessary to investigate heat or water transfer in geomaterials, especially under freezing states.... 相似文献
The Mu Us Desert, located in the northwestern fringe of the East Asian monsoon region, is sensitive to climate variability. The desert is characterized by mobile, semi-fixed and fixed sand dunes. Alternating units of dune sands and sandy palaeosols in the Mu Us Desert imply multiple episodes of dune building and stabilization, in response to the ebb and flow of the East Asian monsoon. Desert evolution and climatic change of high-resolution in the Mu Us Desert are still poorly understood due to limited numerical dating results. In the present study, 19 samples collected from five sand dune sections along a northwest–southeast transect in the Mu Us Desert were dated using quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and single aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol. Internal checks of the OSL dating indicate that the SAR protocol is appropriate for equivalent dose (De) determination for the samples under study. Combined with the lithologic stratigraphy and the luminescence chronology, the sand dune development in the Mu Us Desert during the Late Pleistocene is discussed. Our results indicate that the sand was mobilized approximately at 91 ka, 71 ka, 48–22 ka, 5 ka, 1 ka, and 0.44 ka; the sand was fixed approximately at 65 ka and Holocene Optimum period in the interior Mu Us Desert. The Mu Us Desert formed at least before ~144 ka, and has shown increasing aridity in the Late Pleistocene. 相似文献
In the past decades, archaeologists have found evidences for prehistorical human activity in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). In 1982, some Paleolithic stone tools were found in a section from a terrace of the Xiao Qaidam Lake in the Qaidam Basin, NE of the QTP. The age of this Paleolithic site has remained unknown by far. Some believed that the age of human inhabitation in this Paleolithic site was about 30 ka. In this study, quartz optically stimulated luminescence was used to date 10 samples collected from four sections in the Xiao Qaidam Lake, using the single-aliquot regeneration-dose protocol. The two samples from section XCDH2, which is from a lake terrace about ~7–8 m above the present lake level and in which the top gravel layer contains stone tools, were not well-bleached before deposition. Their ages (>101 and >159 ka) determined by SAR should be considered minimums. OSL dating results of six samples from two sections (XCDH1 and XCDH3) of an adjacent lake terrace, which is ~12 m above the present lake level, suggest two possibilities for the age of the tool-bearing gravel layer: (1) younger than ~3 ka if the lake terrace of XCDH2 is younger than the terrace represented by XCDH1 and XCDH3; or (2) between ~3 and 11 ka if these two terraces are part of the deposit of the same time period. In either case, the age of the archaeological layer should be much younger than the previously proposed ~30 ka. As the climate in the early Holocene after 11 ka was increasingly warm and the Xiao Qaidam Lake area could be suitable for human inhabitation then, we deduce that the age range of ~3–11 ka is more likely the time frame for this archaeological site. The age of 3.1 ± 0.3 ka for the surface of terrace XCDH1/XCDH3 suggests a significant lake level decrease after this time and a corresponding arid event at ~3 ka; the lake level did not reach this level again after that time. Section XCDH4 is more than 40 m above the present lake level, and two samples gave ages of 37 ± 4 and 51 ± 4 ka. These two dates and the dates from the other sections demonstrate that two lake levels higher than present existed for Xiao Qaidam Lake, one at ~12 m and dated ~3–11 ka and the another at >40 m and dated ~37–51 ka. 相似文献